Q.1 The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual
cortex is most sensitive for the stimulus of:
1. Color contrast.
2. Luminance contrast.
3. Temporal frequency.
4. Saccadic eye movements.
Answer Is 1
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg- 163
Q.2 The fibers from the contralateral nasal hemiretina project to the
following layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus:
1.Layers 2, 3 & 5.
2.Layers 1, 2 & 6
3.Layers 1, 4 & 6
4.Layers 4, 5 & 6
Answer is 3
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19- 163
Q.3 All endothelial cells produce thrombomodulin except those found in:
1. Hepatic circulation.
2. Cutaneous circulation
3. Cerebral microcirculation.
4. Renal circulation.
Answer is 3
GANONG, S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg- 546
Q.4 S.A. node acts as a pacemaker of the heart because of the fact that
it:
1. Is capable of generating impulses spontaneously.
2. Has rich sympathetic innervations.
3. Has poor cholinergic innervations.
4. Generates impulses at the highest rate.
Answer is 4
GANONG, S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg-549
Q.5 The first physiological response to high environmental temperature
is:
1 Sweating
2 Vasodilation
3 Decreased heat production
4 Non-shivering thermogenesis
Answer is 2
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg-257, 599
Q.6 All of the following factors normally increase the length of the ventricular
cardiac muscle
fibres except:
1. Increased venous tone.
2. Increased total blood volume.
3. Increased negative intrathoracic pressure.
4. Lying-to-standing change in posture.
Answer is 4
Q.7 The vasodilatation produced by carbon dioxide is maximum in one of
the following
1. Kidney
2. Brain
3. Liver.
4. Heart.
Answer is 2
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg-599
Q.8 Which one of the following statements regarding water reabsorption
in the tubules?
1. The bulk of water reabsorption occurs secondary to Na+ reabsorption.
2. Majority of facultative reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule.
3. Obligatory reabsorption is ADH dependent.
4. 20% of water is always reabsorbed irrespective of water balance.
Answer is 1
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg-717
Q.9 Urinary concentrating ability of the kidney is increased by:
1. ECF volume contraction.
2. Increase in RBF.
3. Reduction of medullary hyperosmolarity
4. Increase in GFR.
Answer is 1
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg-722
Q.10 Distribution of blood flow is mainly regulated by the:
1 Arteries
2 Arterioles
3 Capillaries
4 Venules
Answer is 2
GANONG ,S REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY ED 19 Pg-579
Blood flow in the vessels primarily
due to pumping action of the heart
Other factors are diastolic recoil of walls of arteries, pumping action
skeletal muscle on
veins and negative intrathoracic pressure
Regulation of Blood flow to
each tissue is depends on the diameter of the vessels
principally of arterioles. Resistance to flow mostly depends on diameter
of arterioles and to a minor degree on the viscosity of the blood. Arterioles
are the major site of the resistance to blood flow and small change in
their caliber causes large change in the total peripheral resistance.
Q.11 In which of the following a reduction in arterial oxygen tension
occurs?
1. Anaemia.
2. CO poisoning.
3. Moderate exercise
4. Hypoventilation.
Answer is 3
Harrison priciple of internal medicine 15th ed/209,1502
PaO2 is normal in
Anemic Hypoxia
Carbon Monoxide Intoxication
Histotoxic hypoxia
Anemic Hypoxia
There is Decline in the O2-carrying capacity of the blood.
In anemic hypoxia, the PaO2 is normal
Carbon Monoxide Intoxication
Carbon monoxide preferentially displaces O2 from hemoglobin, essentially
making a portion of hemoglobin unavailable for binding to O2. In this
circumstance, carbon monoxide saturation is high and O2 saturation is
low, even though the driving pressure for O2 to bind to hemoglobin,
reflected by PO2, is normal.
Respiratory Hypoxia ?The most common cause of respiratory hypoxia is ventilation-perfusion
mismatch. It also caused by hypoventilation, and it is then associated
with an elevation of PaCO2 and low PaO2.
In moderate exercises? po2 is decreased (ganong)
Q.12 Neuronal degeneration is seen in all of the following except:
1. Crush nerve injury
2. Fetal development.
3. Senescence
4. Neuropraxia.
Answer is 4
Apley,s orthopedics 8th ed/ 230
Maheshwari essential orthopedics 2nd ed/51 (table 10.1)
Neuropraxia- is a reversible physiological nerve conduction block in which
spontaneous complete
recovery occurs and there is no chances of degeneration.
Axonotmesis –degeneration occurs distal to the lesion and for a few mm
retrograde. The axon
disintegrates and is resorbed by phagocytes called WALLERIAN DEGENERATION.
In fetal development degeneration is by mechanism of apoptosis
In senescence nerve starts degenerate because of no use of nerve.
Q.13 With which one of the following Lower motor neuron lesions are associated?
1. Flaccid paralysis.
2. Hyperactive stretch reflex.
3. Spasticity.
4. Muscular in coordination.
Answer is 1
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th Ed /134
Lower Motor Neuron Weakness
Lesion of ant. Horn cell or cranial nerve nuclei.
Flaccid weakness of muscle
Loss of deep tendon reflexes
Fasciculation of muscle fibers
Atrophy of muscle
Lesion of the cell bodies of brainstem motor cranial nerve nuclei and
the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Or from dysfunction of the axons
of these neurons as they reaches to skeletal muscle.
| Spasticity |
Upper motor neuron disease |
Rigidity
Lead
pipe" or "plastic" stiffness
Cogwheel |
Extrapyramidal disorders
Red nucleus
Parkinson’s
disease
|
| Paratonia (gegenhalten) |
Disease of the frontal lobes |
| Flaccidity |
Lower motor neuron lesion |
Q.14 Aspermia is the term used to describe:
1. Absence of semen.
2. Absence of sperm in ejaculate.
3. Absence of sperm motility.
4. Occurrence of abnormal sperm.
Answer is 1
DORLAND DICTIONARY
ASPERMIA is absence of semen
AZOOSPERMIA mean absence of sperm
OLIGOZOOSPERMIA IS less than 20 millon sperm per ml of semen.
Q.15 Which of the following statements can be regarded as primary action
of Inhibin?
1. It inhibits secretion of prolactin.
2. It stimulates synthesis of estradiol
3. It stimulates secretion of TSH.
4. It inhibits secretion of FSH.
Answer is 4
Harrison priciple of internal medicine 15th ed /2157
GANONG REVIEW OF PHYSIOLOGY 19TH EDITION/127
Inhibin inhibits the release of FSH by the hypothalamic-pituitary unit.
Activin enhance FSH secretion as well as having local effects on ovarian
steroidogenesis.
Follistatin attenuates the actions of Activin and other members of the transforming
growth factor (TGF) family.
Q.16 A 40 year old male, with history of daily alcohol consumption for the
last 7 years, is brought to the hospital emergency room with acute onset
of seeing snakes all around him in the room, not recognizing family members,
violent behavior and tremulousness for few hours. There is history of his
having missed the alcohol drink since 2 days. Examination reveals increased
blood pressure, tremors, increased psychomotor activity, fearful affect,
hallucinatory behavior, disorientation,
impaired judgement and insight. He is most likely to be suffering from:
1. Alcoholic hallucinosis.
2. Delirium tremens.
3. Wernicke encephalopathy.
4. Korsakoff’s psychosis.
Answer is 2
Harrison priciple of internal medicine 15th ed/2565
All India repeat Q of 2003
When a chronic alcoholic stops taking alcohol then withdrawal symptoms generally
begin within 5 to 10 h of decreasing ethanol intake, peak in intensity on
day 2 or 3, and improve by day 4 or 5.
Features include tremor of the hands (shakes or jitters); agitation and
anxiety; autonomic nervous system over activity. The term delirium tremens
(DTs) refers to delirium (mental confusion with fluctuating levels of consciousness)
along with a tremor, severe agitation, and autonomic over activity). It
is to be noted that only 5 to 10% of alcohol-dependent individuals ever
experience DTs.
Q.17 A 45 year male with a history of alcohol dependence presents
with confusion, nystagmus and ataxia. Examination reveals 6th cranial nerve
weakness. He is most likely to be suffering from:
1. Korsakoff’s psychosis.
2. Wernicke’s encephalopathy.
3. De Clerambault syndrome.
4. Delirium tremens.
Answer is 2
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed /2562
All India repeat Q of 2004
Wernicke's disease is a common and preventable disorder due to a deficiency
of thiamine vitamin.
Alcoholic’s account for most of the cases of it. The characteristic clinical
triad is that of
ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and global confusion. However, only one -third
of patients of
Wernicke's disease have this classic clinical triad.
Ocular motor
abnormalities include horizontal nystagmus on lateral gaze, lateral rectus
palsy (usually bilateral), conjugate gaze palsies, and rarely ptosis.
The pupils are usually spared, but they may become miotic with advanced
disease.
Atrophy of the Mamillary bodies is seen in most chronic cases.
Q.18 A 25year old female presents with 2year history of repetitive,
irresistible thoughts of contamination with dirt associated with repetitive
hand washing. She reports these thoughts to be her own and distressing;
but is not able to overcome them along with medications. She is most likely
to benefit from which of the following therapies:
1. Exposure and response prevention.
2. Systematic desensitization.
3. Assertiveness training.
4. Sensate focusing.
Answer is 1
New oxford textbook of psychiatry 1st ed/827-828
Although it is a repeat question, many guides has been given the answer
systemic desensitizationBut according to oxford “the behavioral therapy
is as effective as pharmacotherapy in O.C.D.
Recently 2 neuroimaging studies found that patient with O.C.D., who are
successfully treated with behavioral therapy shows changes in cerebral metabolism
similar to those found by successful treatment with S.S.R.I.”
The principle behavioral approach in O.C.D. is exposure for obsession and
response prevention for virtual.
Desensitization, thought stopping, flooding, implosion therapy and aversion
conditioning have also been used in-patient with O.C.D.
Q 19 An 18 year old boy came to the Psychiatry OPD with a complaint of feeling
changed from inside. He described himself as feeling strange as if he is
different from his normal self. He was very tense and anxious yet could
not point out the precise change in him. This phenomena is best called as:
1. Delusional mood.
2. Depersonalization.
3. Autochthonous delusion.
4. Over valued idea.
Answer is 2
Neeraj ahuja
psychiatry 5th ed/113
Charlis G Morris psychology 10th ed/522
Essential feature of depersonalization is that person suddenly feels changed
or different in a strange way. This kind of feeling is especially common
during adolescence and young adult E.g. A 20 yr old college student sought
professional help experiencing episodes of feeling outside of himself for
2 yr. At these times he felt groggy, dizzy, and preoccupied.
Delusion mood and autochthonous delusion are the false belief as per definition,
but this boy doesn’t have false belief
Q.20 The major difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics
is that:
1. The latter cause minimal or no increase in prolactin.
2. The former cause tardive dyskinesia.
3. The former area available as parenteral preparation.
4. The latter cause substantial sedation.
Answer is 2
K.D.T. Essential of pharmacology p396
Atypical anti psychotic
| Clzapine |
Tardive dyskinesia rase |
Prolactin
level |
| Resperidone |
Tardive dyskinesia rase |
prolaction
level |
| Olanapine |
Tardive dyskinesia rase |
little in
prolactin level |
So main difference between typical and atypical antipsychotic is lack of
Tardive dyskinesia in atypical antipsychotic.
Q.21 Dry mouth during antidepressant therapy is caused by blockade of:
1. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
2. Serotonergic receptors.
3. Dopaminergic receptors.
4. GABA receptors.
Answer is 1
K.D.T. Essential of pharmacology p410
Anticholinergic side effect of antidepressant leads to dry mouth in the
patients on these drugs.
Dry mouth is due to the Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism of
these drugs.
Q.22 All of the following are hallucinogens, except:
1. LSD.
2. Phenylcyclidine.
3. Mescaline
4. Methylphenidate.
Answer is 4
Charlis G Morris psychology 10th ed/175
Hallucinogen
LSD
Mescaline
Psilocybin
Phenylcyclidine
Peyote
Phenylcyclidine is also known as angel dust.?Methylphenidate is not a hallucinogen.
It is a CNS stimulant and used in treatment of narcolepsy.
Q.23 An 18-year-old student complains of lack of interest in studies for
last 6 months. He has frequent quarrels with his parents and has frequent
headaches. The most appropriate clinical approach would be to:
1. Leave him as normal adolescent problem.
2. Rule out depression.
3. Rule out migraine.
4. Rule out an oppositional defiant disorder.
Answer is 1
Charlis G Morris psychology 10th ed/416
Adolescence is a period of storm and stress, fraught with suffering, passion,
and rebellion against adult authority (so they may have frequent quarrels
with his parents). Between 15-30% of adolescent student dropout of high
school, many regularly abuse drugs. So the problem of in this q. is a normal
adolescent problem.
There is no sadness in mood. So it excludes depression
Frequent quarrels and loss of interest in studies only, exclude Migraine.
Oppositional defiant disorder- age group is 8-12 yr.
Q.24 Preservation is:
1. Persistent and inappropriate repletion of the same thoughts.
2. When a patient feels very distressed about it.
3. Characteristic of schizophrenia.
4. Characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Answer is 1
New oxford textbook of psychiatry 1st ed/63
Neeraj ahuja psychiatry 5th ed/13
Perservation is found in many organic mental disorders, it is not characteristic
of
schizophrenia.
It is defined as an inability to shift from one theme to another one. A
thought is retained long after it has become inappropriate in the given
context. For e.g. a patient may give a correct answer to the first question,
but repeats the same response to a subsequently completely different question.
Q.25 One of the following usually differentiates hysterical symptoms from
hypochondriacal symptoms:
1. Symptoms do not normally reflect understandable physiological or pathological
mechanisms.
2. Physical symptoms are prominent which are not explained by organic factors.
3. Personality traits are significant.
4. Symptoms run a chronic course.
Answer is 1
Q.26 Which one of the following is the investigation of choice for evaluation
of suspected Perthe’s disease ?
1) Plain X-ray
2) Ultrasonography (US)
3) Computed Tomography (CT)
4) Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Answer is 4
Dahnert Radiological review manual, 5th Ed, Pg-49
Haaga; CT/MRI of whole body
MRI is 90-100 sensitive and 85-90% specific for diagnosis of Perthe’s disease
and avascular necrosis (Haaga). MRI can detect the earliest changes in signal
intensity of tissues. Edema seen as a high- signal- intensity (bright) on
MRI T2 weighted image as earliest sign of inflammation.
So it is the investigation of choice in evaluation of suspected Perthe”s
disease
If Question were – Next step in evaluation of patient, or what will be the
first investigation of choice? Then answer will be – Plain X-ray
PEARL POINTS about Legg-Calve-Perthe’s disease- Coxa plana
-It is idiopathic avascular necrosis of femur head
-Only 10% cases are bilateral,
-M: F ratio - 5:1, but in bilateral cases M: F is 2:1
-When occur In adults it is called Chandler’s disease
-Loss of “asterisk “ sign – seen on CT/MRI
-Double line sign (in 80% of cases) seen on MRI
Q.27. Eisenmenger syndrome is characterized by all except:
1. Return of left ventricle and right ventricle to normal size.
2. Pulmonary veins not distended.
3. Pruning of peripheral pulmonary arteries.
4. Dilatation of central pulmonary arteries.
Answer is 1 Dahnert Radiological review manual, 5th Ed, Pg -627-628
CXR findings of Eisenmenger syndrome
- Pronounced dilatation of central pulmonary arteries
- Pruning of peripheral pulmonary arteries
- Enlarged RV+ RA
- Return of LA +LV to normal size
- Normal pulmonary vein
- No redistribution of pulmonary vein (normal venous pressure).
Q.28 In which one of the following conditions the Sialography is contraindicated?
1. Ductal calculus.
2. Chronic parotitis
3. Acute parotitis
4. Recurrent sialadenitis.
Answer is 3
LB 24TH/728
Mumps is the most common cause of acute painfull parotid swelling,that predominantly
affect the children.acute bacterial parotitis is most commonly caused by
staph. Aureus. Sialography is absolutely contraindicated in acute infection.
Q.29 The most common site of leak in CSF rhinorrhea is:
1. Sphenoid sinus.
2. Frontal sinus.
3. Cribriform plate.
4. Tegmen tympani.
Answer is 3 Snell’s clinical anatomy 7th Ed, Pg-802
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th Ed
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone may be damaged in the fractures of
ant. cranial fossa. The patient will be having epistaxis and CSF rhinorrhea.
CSF may also leak through the adjacent sinus. Persistent rhinorrhea and
recurrent meningitis are indications for surgical repair of torn dura and
underlying fracture.
Pearl points about head injury. (Bailey and love’s 24th ed/596)
Glial and macrophage reactions begin within 2 days after brain contusion
and result in scarred, hemosiderin-stained depressions on the surface (plaques
jaunes) after years. Those are one
source of posttraumatic epilepsy that occurs after years of the head injury.
Administration of prophylactic antibiotic in fracture base of skull gives
no benefit.
Even it can increase morbidity and mortality.
Dexamethasone having controversial role in treating raised I.C.T. in-patient
of head
injury. But it has a definite role in raised ICT due to other reason.
Fluid leaking from nose and ear should be screened for ?-transferrin (tau
protein) to
confirm the CSF.
Fresh blood clot and coagulopathic proteins gives mixed density on CT called
SWIRL sign
Blow out fracture is fracture of orbital floor gives TEAR DROP sign on CT.
Q.30 Which of the following is the most common renal cystic disease in infants
is?
1. Polycystic kidney.
2. Simple renal cyst.
3. Unilateral renal dysplasia.
4. Calyceal cyst.
Answer is 3
Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment, 11th Ed, Pg-15;
Dahnert Radiological review, 5th Ed, Pg-928-929
-Most abdominal masses in the newborn are associated with the kidneys (multicystic
dysplastic kidney, hydronephrosis, etc)
-MCDK –is Potter type II cyst
-It is second most common cause of an abdominal mass in neonate (after hydronephrosis)
-It is most common form of cystic disease in infants
- U/L MCDK is the most common form of multicystic dysplastic kidney (80-90%).
Lt: Rt ratio 2:1
-Nuclear studies (99m-Tc MAG3) preferred over IVP for evaluation of the
function of kidneys, because in first month of life the concentrating ability
of even normal neonatal kidneys is suboptimal.
Q.31 The most common type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
is:
1. Supracardiac.
2. Infracardiac
3. Mixed.
4. Cardiac.
Answer is 1
Ref- C.P.D.T; 11Ed / 557
Dahnert Radiological review, 5th Ed, Pg-603
TAPVC –It is classified according to the site of entry of pulmonary vein
into the right of the heart
Type 1 – (55%) entry into left SVC or Rt SVC (Supracardiac)
Type 2 - entry into Rt atrium or coronary (cardiac)
Type 3 - entry in portal vein (Infracardiac)
Type 4 – mixed
Q.32 Which one of the following is the most common location of hypertensive
bleed in the brain?
1. Putamen/external capsule.
2. Pons.
3. Ventricles.
4. Lobar white matter.
Answer is 1 Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/2386
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is most common type of intracranial hemorrhage.
Hypertension, trauma, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy are among the imp.
causes. Advanced age and heavy alcohol consumption also increase the risk.
Cocaine use is one of the most important causes of it in the young adults.
The most common sites of
Intraparenchymal bleed are the basal ganglia (Putamen, thalamus, and adjacent
deep white matter), deep cerebellum, and Pons. The Putamen is the most common
site for hypertensive hemorrhage
Q.33 Which one of the following is the most preferred route to perform cerebral
angiography?
1) Transfemoral route
2) Transmaxillary route
3) Direct Carotid Puncture
4) Transbranchial route.
Grainger and Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology 4th ed./150
Harrison internal medicine 15th ed/.
It is possible to opacity arteries in many areas of the body using a direct
percutaneous needle puncture.
The common carotid and vertebral arteries can be punctured in the neck using
an anterior approach to obtain arteriograms of the carotid and vertebrobasilar
systems; the subclavian, axillary or brachial arteries can be punctured
for upper limb arteriography, the abdominal aorta (high or low) for lumbar,
pelvic and leg arteriography; and the femoral artery for single leg studies.
But now Percutaneous studies in the head and neck and upper limb have been
largely supplanted by the transfemoral catheter method.
Grainger and Allinson Diagnostic Radiology 4th ed.
Harrison internal medicine 15th ed/.
Q.34 Which one of the following soft tissue sarcomas frequently
metastasizes to lymph nodes?
1. Fibrosarcoma.
2. Osteosarcoma.
3. Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma.
4. Alveolar soft part sarcoma.
Answer is 3
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/626
Sarcomas tend to metastasize through the blood rather than the lymphatic
system; lymph node metastases occur in 5% of cases.
Exceptions are
Synovial and
epithelioid sarcomas,
Clear-cell
sarcoma (melanoma of the soft parts),
Angiosarcoma, and
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Where nodal spread may be seen in 17%
The pulmonary parenchyma is the most common site of metastases in
sarcomas. Exceptions are
|
Leiomyosarcomas of GIT |
Liver |
|
Myxoid liposarcomas |
Seek fatty tissue |
|
Clear-cell sarcomas |
Bones |
|
Alveolar soft part sarcoma |
CNS |
The histological grade is the most important prognostic factors OF SARCOMAS.
In the treatment of sarcomas Doxorubicin (Adriamycin is trade name) -based
chemotherapy is favored (as in Leiomyosarcomas).
Q.35 Which one of the following radioisotope is not used as permanent implant?
1. Iodine-125
2. Palladium-103.
3. Gold-198.
4. Caesium-137.
Regional therapy of advanced carrier, Michael T. Lutze. Jushua T. Rubin.
Ist ed/184.
R.C.S. Pointon, The Radiotherapy of malignant Disease 2nd ed/7.
Radioisotopes used, as permanent implant is known as brachytherapy.
Brachytherapy sources. Some of these radionuclides, e.g. radium-226, are
accompanied by an equilibrium amount of one or more radioactive daughter
products, which have different half-lives and emit different radiations.
|
Radionuclide |
Radiation emitted |
Half-life |
|
Radium-226 |
Gamma
rays |
Gamma
rays |
|
Caesium-137 |
Gamma
rays |
30
years |
|
Cobalt-60 |
Gamma
rays |
5.26
years |
|
Indium-192 |
Gamma
rays |
74
days |
| Gold-198 |
Gamma
rays |
2.7
days |
|
Strontium-90 |
Beta
rays |
28.1
years |
|
Yttrium-90 |
Beta
rays |
64
hours |
- Caesium 137 source are now more commonly used.
- Gold 198 is used for Permanent gold seed implant.
- Stronum 90 - Bone
Yitrium 90 - Pituitary gland
Iodine 125 - CNS metastasis (RUBIN)
Q.36 Which one of the following tumors shows calcification on CT scan?
1. Ependymoma
2. Meduloblastoma.
3. Meningioma.
4. CNS lymphoma.
Answer is 3
Dahnert; Radiological review manual 5th Ed /299
CT findings of Meningioma—
1.Sharply demarcated well circumcised slowly growing mass
2.Wide attachment to adjacent dura mater
3.Cortical buckling of underlying brain
4. Hyperdense (70-75% due to psammomatous calcification) lesion on NECT
5.Calcification as circular/radial pattern seen on CT in20-25% cases
6. Hyperostosis of adjacent bone (in 18%)
MRI findings—
|
Angiography
–mother in law phenomenon |
1
Dural tail sign in 60 % of cases
2 Hypervascularity |
1 Sunburst or
spoke-wheel pattern of vascularity,
2 Early draining vein |
Fine punctuate multifocal calcification occurs in 25- 50% of Ependymoma.
But these are not clearly evident on CT scan.
D / D of suprasellar mass with calcification
- Craniopharyngioma (90% have calcification)
-Meningioma (25 % calcified as seen on CT)
-Granuloma
-Dermoid / Teratoma
-Rarely hypothalamic Glioma or Optic Glioma
Q.37 The technique employed in radiotherapy to counteract the effect of
tumor motion due to breathing is known as:
1. Arc technique.
2. Modulation.
3. Gating.
4. Shunting.
Answer is 3
Grainger and Allison’s, diagnostic radiology 4th ed/143 Gated imaging
When any motion of body produces disturbance and motion related artifact
in images in Radiology or during radiotherapy, then gating is done to reduce
the motion related artifacts.
If cardiac motion - ECG gating done
If respiratory motion - Diaphragmatic gating done.
Q.38 In which of the following diseases, the overall survival is increased
by screening procedure?
1 Prostate cancer.
2 Lung cancer.
3 Colon cancer.
4 Ovarian cancer.
Answer is 3
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/501
Widespread screening for breast, cervical, and colon cancer is beneficial
for certain age groups
|
Breast Cancer Annual or biennial screening with mammography
or mammography plus clinical breast examination in women over the
age of 50 saves lives.
|
Lung
Cancer Screening®
chest radiographs and sputum cytology has been evaluated as methods
for lung cancer screening. No reduction in lung cancer mortality
has been found |
|
Colorectal Cancer ®
Annual fecal occult blood testing using hydrated specimens could
reduce colorectal cancer mortality by a third. Two case-control
studies suggest that regular screening of people over 50 with sigmoidoscopy
decreases mortality.
|
Cervical Cancer Screening with Papanicolaou smears decreases
cervical cancer mortality. Guidelines recommend regular Pap testing
for all women who are sexually active or have reached the age of
18. The recommended interval for Pap screening varies from 1 to
3 years |
Q.39 Gamma camera in Nuclear Medicine is used for:
1 Organ imaging.
2 Measuring the radioactivity.
3 Monitoring the surface contamination.
4 RIA.
Answer is 2 Walter – Miller, Textbook of Radiotherapy; Pg -112
Grainger and Allison diagnostic radiology 4th Ed/141
Gamma camera is the devices used to observe the distribution of an isotope
in an organ, or in a part of the body. It receives the gamma ray photons
from patient through a grid of thousands of holes drilled parallel to each
other. Gamma camera measures the radioactivity in body then forms a image
GAMMA CAMERA IS Used for detection of radioactivity IN BODY. The M/C used
detector is scintillation detector.
Scintillators - when these are struck by a photon of X-ray or gamma ray
they scintillate
(released as a flash of light). In gamma camera - Scintillator used is made
upto NaI crystal.
Q.40 At t=0 there are 6x1023 radioactive atoms of a substance, which decay
with a disintegration constant () equal to 0.01/sec. What would
be the initial decay rate?
1 6x1023
2 6x1022
3 6x1021
4 6x1020
Answer is 3
Grainger and Allison’s. Diagnostic radiology 4th ed/140.
Radioactive decay -
- dN 1
l =
-
dt
N
l = is decay constant
dN
= is decay rate. It dt = is from starting (dt = T2 - T1)
dt
it T1 is 0 than dt = t
When T1 is 0 - it is called initial decay dN = is called initial
decay rate.
t
So initial decay
role dN = - lXN =
.001 x 6 x 1023
= 10-2
x 6 x 1023
= 6 x 1021 is
the answer
-
Initial decay rate = radioactive atoms initially x disintegration constant
=6 x10 (23) x .01
=6 x 10 (21)
Q.41 An 18-year-old boy comes to the eye casualty with history of injury
with a tennis ball. On examination there is no perforation but there is
hyphaema. The most likely source of the blood is
1 Iris vessels.
2 Circulus iridis major.
3 Circulus iridis minor.
4 Short posterior ciliary vessels.
Answer is 2
Parson disease of eye 19th ed/16,407
Circulus Arteriosus major situated along the base of iris in the ciliary
body.
Circulus arteriosus minor along papillary margin
A concussion injury to iris, especially angle resection leads to hemorrhage
in the ant.
Chamber called hyphaema.
Q.42 A 25-year-old male gives history of sudden
painless loss of vision in one eye for the past 2 weeks. There is no history
of trauma. On examination the anterior segment is normal but there is no
fundal glow. Which one of the following is the most likely cause?
1 Vitreous haemorrhage.
2 Optic atrophy.
3 Developmental cataract.
4 Acute attack of angle closure glaucoma.
Answer is 1
Parson disease of eye 19th ed/360
A. K. Khurana ophthalmology 2nd ed/11
|
Optic atrophy |
Painless but gradual
loss of vision |
|
Developmental cataract |
Painless but gradual
loss of vision |
|
Acute attack of angle
closure glaucoma |
Painful, sudden loss
of vision |
|
Vitreous hemorrhage |
Painless, sudden onset
fall in vision |
Q.43 The mother of a one
and a half year old child gives history of a white reflex from one eye
for the past 1 month. On computed tomography scan of the orbit there is
calcification seen within the globe. The most likely diagnosis is:
1 Congenital cataract.
2 Retinoblastoma.
3 Endophthalmitis.
4 Coats of disease.
Answer is 2
Wolfgang Dahnert Radiology Review Manual 5th ed/345
Kanski’s Clinical Ophthalmology Pg-338.
- Leukocoria (white papillary reflex) is most common sign (in about 60%
of cases).
- Strabismus - 2nd most common sign (20% of cases).
- Anterior segment invasion by Retinoblastoma is a rare presentation,
if it occurs,is seen in older children with an average age > 6 yrs.
- Metastasis seen to the regional lymph nodes and brain.
- USG detect the presence of calcification at calculates tumor dimension
- CT can also detect calcification; also detect gross involvement of optic
nerve,orbital and CNS extension.
- MRI is more useful for optic nerve evaluation.
Q.44 Enlarged corneal nerves may be seen in all of the following except:
1 Keratoconus.
2 Herpes simplex keratitis.
3 Leprosy.
4 Neurofibromatosis.
Answer Is 2
Ref. Grayson’s Diseases of the Cornea, 4th Ed pg-50
Corneal nerves may be seen in normal eyes as fine branching white lines.
That originates at the limbus in the mid stroma and become more anterior
centrally. Corneal nerves are visualized more clearly when they are thickened.
-Causes of thickened corneal nerves are –
Fuch’s dystrophy
Keratoconus
Neurofibromatosis
Refsum’s disease
Ichthyosis Leprosy
Congenital glaucoma
Multiple Endocrine neoplasia
Use of Cannabis Sativa
Aging
Q.45 Under the WHO ‘Vision 2020’ programme, the ‘SAFE’ strategy is adopted
for which of the following diseases?
1 Trachoma.
2 Glaucoma.
3 Diabetic retinopathy.
4 Onchocerciasis.
Answer is 1
(trachoma)
WHO MANNUAL OF OPHTH.
It is a repeat question
GET 2020 (global elimination of glaucoma) was launched under leadership
of W.H.O. in 1997. Through this the primary health care approaches are
based on evidence based SAFE strategy.
S surgery
A antibiotic
F facial cleanness
E environmental changes
Q.46 Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by which of the following immunoglobulins?
1 Ig A.
2 Ig G.
3 Ig M.
4 Ig E.
Answer is 4
H15TH /1827
Type I Immediate Reaction Hypersensitivity
1 First exposure sensitizes host
2 Macrophages and B cells present epitopes to Th2 cells, which produce
interleukin (IL)-4
3 IL-4 causes class switch to Ig E
4 Mast cells and basophils bind Ig E to high-affinity receptors
5 Ig E cross-linking initiates granule release
These granules contain histamine, heparin, and proteases that induce edema,
increased mucus secretion, and smooth muscle contraction; this is the
immediate reaction that occurs
Q.47 Horner’s syndrome is characterized by all of the following except:
1 Miosis.
2 Enophthalmos
3 Ptosis.
4 Cycloplegia
Answer is 4
H15TH/564
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/564
Sympathetic nerve paralysis leads to Horner's syndrome (enophthalmos,
ptosis, miosis, and ipsilateral loss of sweating and loss of ciliospinal
reflex). Triad of Horner's syndrome? miosis with ipsilateral ptosis and
anhidrosis constitutes Horner's syndrome, although anhidrosis is an inconstant
feature. Two other features are loss of ciliospinal reflex and enophthalmos.
But these don, t constitute the part of triad. Cycloplegia is not a feature
of it.
Q.48 The superior oblique muscle is supplied by:
1 3rd cranial nerve.
2 4th cranial nerve.
3 5th cranial nerve.
4 6th cranial nerve.
Answer is 2
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/176
Trochlear Nerve
The fourth cranial nerve originates in the midbrain, just caudal to the
oculomotor Nerve complex.
Only nerve that exit the brainstem dorsally and cross to innervate the
Contralateral superior oblique.
The principal actions of this muscle are to depress and to intort the
globe. Palsy
Therefore results in hypertropia and excyclotorsion. "Head tilt test"
is a
cardinal diagnostic feature.
Note?Trochlear nerve is longest intracranial nerve. While 10th nerve is
longest cranial nerve.
Abducent is not the longest intracranial nerve but it is most common nerve
involved in raised
I.C.T. and gives pseudolocalising sign (Dutta’s anatomy).
Q.49 Which of the following statement is true regarding Acanthamoeba keratitis?
1 For the isolation of the causative agent, corneal scraping should be
cultured on a nutrient agar plate.
2 The causative agent, Acanthamoeba is a helminth whose normal
habitat is soil.
3 Keratitis due to Acanthamoeba is not seen in the
immunocompromised host.
4 Acanthamoeba does not depend upon a human host for the
completion of its life cycle.
Answer is 4
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/1202
Free-living amebas are Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, and Balamuthia are distributed
throughout the world and have been isolated from a wide variety of fresh
and brackish water. They don’t need of a human host for the completion
of its life cycle.
Risk factors for their infection
|
Lymphoproliferative
disorders Glucocorticoid therapy
AIDS
Wearing of lenses while swimming |
Chemotherapy
Lupus erythematosus
Use of homemade saline
Inadequate disinfections. |
PEARL POINTS
Culture is done on nonnutrient agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli.
Fluorescein-labeled antiserum is available for the detection of protozoa
in biopsy specimens.
Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid for trophozoites may be diagnostically
helpful, but lumbar puncture may be contraindicated because of increased
intracerebral pressure.
The persistence of Legionella pneumophila in water supplies may be attributable
to chronic infection of these amebas, particularly Naegleria.
The characteristic clinical sign is an annular, Para central corneal ring
representing a corneal abscess.
Q.50 A 30-year-old man has 6/5 vision each eye, unaided. His cycloplegic
retinoscopy is +1.0 D sph. at 1 meter distance. His complaints are blurring
of newsprint at 30 cm. that clears up in about two minutes. The most probable
diagnosis is:
1 Hypermetropia.
2 Presbyopia.
3 Accommodative inertia.
4 Cycloplegia.
Answer is 3
Gunter K. Von Noorden, Binocular vision and ocular mortality 6th ed/86.
• A blurred retinal image is the stimulus to accommodation. Then accommodation
starts and completed with in few seconds. In accommodation inertia - accommodation
is slow to come in action but Person ultimately accommodates, it takes
few minutes to fully accommodate.
• Accommodation is of the reciprocal of the Fixation distance. Thus if
fixation distance is 1 met
- accommodation is 1 D.
If 1/2 meter - 2D.
If 1/3 meter - 3D.
Q.51 Contact lens wear is proven to have deleterious effects on the corneal
physiology which of the following statements is incorrect in connection
with contact lens wear?
1 The level of glucose availability in the corneal epithelium is reduced.
2 There is a reduction in hemidesmosome density.
3 There is increased production of CO2 in the epithelium.
4 There is a reduction in glucose utilization by corneal epithelium
Answer is 4
Grayson Disease of Cornea 4th ed./25.
Effect of contact lens wear on epithelial metabolism.
A. Normal state. Most of the oxygen diffuses through the tears from the
atmosphere; glucose is supplied by the aqueous humor; carbon dioxide is
released into the atmosphere; lactate diffuses into the aqueous humor.
B, During polymethylmethacrylate lens wear, oxygen supply and carbon dioxide
release are impaired and must occur through passage of tears beneath the
lens. As a result of hypoxia, glucose demand and lactate production are
increased.
C, During hydrophilic contact lens wear, oxygen supply is improved because
some oxygen can pass through the lens, but glucose demand and lactate
production are increased moderately.
D, With highly oxygen-permeable rigid contact lenses, oxygen supply, glucose
demand, and lactate production are near normal.
1)
During hypoxia.
¯
Glucose utilization by anaerobiosis(so increased utilization because of
block in kreb,s cycle.)
¯
lactate accumulate and it increasesosmotic solute load
¯
It leads
to stromal edema and reduction in hemidesmosome activity.
Q.52 Lumbar sympathectomy is of value in the management of:
1 Intermittent claudication.
2 Distal ischemia affecting the skin of the toes.
3 Arteriovenous Fistula.
4 Back pain.
Answer is 2
H. George Burkitt /Clive RG Quick, Essential surgery, problem, diagnosis
and management 3rd ed/459
• Blood flow in skin in controlled by sympathetic nervous system but not
in muscle (specially during exercise). Claudication is due to muscle ischemia
during exercise while rest pain is due to skin ischemia. So rest pain
in skin may sometime be relieved by sympathetic blockade but claudication
is never relieved. So claudication is contraindication for the Sympathectomy
• Sympathectomy is of no value in intermittent claudication, as it does
not influence muscle blood flow. It is successful in early rest pain.
It may also be helpful in healing ulcer where moderate ischemia is present
in combination with some other factor such as chronic venous insufficiency.
PEARLS POINTS
• Lumbar sympathectomy done with extraperitoneal approach.
• Chemical sympathectomy done with 6% aqueous phenol.
• Medical sympathectomy - Methyl Dopa.
1 Intermittent claudication is contraindication for sympathectomy,
2 Rest pain is an indication
3 A.V fistula treated with surgery. no role of sympathectomy is there
4 Back pain (radicular nerve block can be done), so pain relieved
5 Sympathectomy –dilatation of arteries occur- so effective in distal
ischemia affecting the skin & toes
Indication of sympathectomy
1. Rest pain
2. Causalgia
3. Hyperhydrosis
4. Definite treatment of congenital prolonged QT syndrome
Q.53 A blood stained discharge from the nipple indicates one of the following:
1 Breast abscess.
2 Fibroadenoma.
3 Duct Papilloma.
4 Fat Necrosis of Breast.
Answer is 3
LB 24TH/828 Essential surgery/3rd Ed
Nipple discharge
|
Milky |
Pregnancy or hyperprolactinaemia |
|
Clear |
Physiological |
|
Green |
Perimenopausal, duct
ectasia, fibroadenotic cyst |
|
Blood-stained |
Possible carcinoma
or intraduct papilloma. |
Recent inversionSuggests a fibrosing underlying lesion such as carcinoma
or mammary duct ectasis.
‘ Eczema’ (rash involving nipple or areola, or both)if unilateral, this
is the classic sign of Paget’s disease of the nipple, a presentation of
breast cancer.
Duct papillomas benign hyperplastic lesions rather than neoplasms and are
not premalignant. Duct papillomas present with nipple bleeding or a blood-stained
discharge. The differential diagnosis thus includes intraduct carcinoma
and infiltrating carcinoma which must be excluded. Ductography may confirm
the presence of a duct Papilloma (Fig. 39.23). Duct papillomas are usually
treated by surgical excision of the affected segment of breast (microdochectomy).
The affected segment is identified during operation by passing a probe into
the duct from where blood can be expressed.
Q.54 The earliest manifestation of increased intracranial pressure following
head injury is:
a. Ipsilateral papillary dilation.
b. Contralateral papillary dilatation.
c. Altered mental status.
d. Hemiparesis.
Answer is 3
Bailey and love’s 24th ed/610
Essential surgery 3RD ED /pg 138
These finding are in serial events of manifestation of raised intracranial
tension
|
Observation |
Observation |
Conscious
level (Glasgow come Falling score scale)
Pupil size and light response
Respiratory pattern and rate
Developing neurological signs
Pulse rate
Blood pressure |
Dilatation,
loss of light reaction or
developing asymmetry
Irregularity, slowing or reduced depth ofbreathing.
Focal signs point to localized intracranial damage. Falling pulse
rate (late sign)
Rising blood pressure (late sign) |
Q.55 In which of the following conditions Splenectomy is not useful?
1 Hereditary spherocytosis.
2 Porphyria.
3 Thalassemia.
4 Sickle cell disease with large spleen.
Answer is 2
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/670,672,673
HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
The major clinical features of hereditary spherocytosis are anemia, splenomegaly,
and
jaundice. Splenectomy reliably corrects the anemia, although the RBC defect
and its consequent morphology persist. The operative risk is low. RBC survival
after Splenectomy is normal or nearly
It should be noted that Cholecystectomy should not be performed without
Splenectomy in any patient of hemolytic anemia, as intrahepatic gallstones
may result.
Splenectomy in children should be postponed until age 4, if possible, to
minimize the risk of severe infections with gram-positive encapsulated organisms.
Polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine should be administered at least 2 weeks
before splenectomy.
THALLESSIMIA
In-patient of thallessimia Splenectomy is required if the annual transfusion
requirement, volume of RBCs per kilogram body weight per year increases
by 50%.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
In sickle cell anemia repeated microinfarction in tissues occur due to sickling.
Thus, the spleen is frequently infarcted within the first 18 to 36 months
of life called autosplenectomy, causing susceptibility to infection, particularly
from pneumococci. Acute venous obstruction of the spleen (splenic sequestration
crisis leads to congestive splenomegaly), a rare occurrence in early childhood,
may require emergency transfusion and/or splenectomy to prevent trapping
of the entire arterial output in the obstructed spleen.
Q.56 The following is ideal for the treatment with injection of sclerosing
agents.
1 External hemorrhoids.
2 Internal hemorrhoids.
3 Prolapsed hemorrhoids.
4 Strangulated hemorrhoids.
Answer is 2
CMDT2004/619,
Bailey and Love’s Surgery 24th ed/1257.
There is 3 degree of hemorrhoids according to position.
|
Ist degree |
Bleed only, not prolapsed
(internal) |
|
2nd degree |
Prolapsed but will
reduce spontaneously or can be reduced digitally and will remain
reduced |
|
3rd degree |
Continuously remain
prolapsed. |
|
Stage I & II |
Injection sclerotherapy
or rubber banding |
|
Stage III |
Hemorrhoidectomy. |
Material commonly used of injection sclerotherapy is – Phenol, Almond
oil,
Iodoquinone, Acetic acid cannot be used because it is a very weak sclerosing
agent.
Stage II - spontaneously reduced
2nd degree
is further
Stage III -IS manually reduced.
divided in |
Q.57 In which of the following locations. Carcinoid tumor is most common?
1 Esophagus.
2 Stomach.
3 Small bowel.
4 Appendix.
Answer is 4
According to Harrison the ileum is the most common site of carcinoid.But
all other books (Robbins 7th ed, Schwartz surgery, Dahnert radiology, Margulis
gastrointestinal radiology, Sabiston surgery, Devita, s cancers, CSDT etc.)
still say that Appendix is the most common site for carcinoid. So in my
opinion answer will be appendix.
Q.58 Pancreatitis, pituitary tumor and phaeochromocytoma may be associated
with:
1 Medullary carcinoma of thyroid.
2 Papillary carcinoma of thyroid.
3 Anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid.
4 Follicular carcinoma of thyroid.
Answer is 1
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/2185
|
MEN 1Wermer's
syndrome |
Parathyroid adenoma
Pituitary
Pancreatic islet cells tumors (Gastrinoma) |
|
MEN 2A
Sipple syndrome |
MTC0Parathyroid adenoma
Phaeochromocytoma |
|
MEN 2B0Mucosal Neuroma
syndrome |
Phaeochromocytoma
Mucosal Neuroma
Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis
Marfanoid features |
Only thyroid tumor associated with MEN syndrome is MTC (Medullary carcinoma
of thyroid.)
MEN1 gene, located on chromosome 11q13,
Mutations of the - RET proto-oncogene have been identified in 93 to 95%
of patients with MEN 2, but it is located on 10th chromosome.
Q.59 ardener’s syndrome is a rare hereditary disorder involving the colon.
It is characterized by:
1 Polyposis colon, cancer thyroid, skins tumors.
2 Polyposis in jejunum, pituitary adenoma and skin tumors.
3 Polyposis colon, osteomas, epidermal inclusion cysts and fibrous tumors
in the skin.
4 Polyposis of gastrointestinal tract, cholangiocarcinoma and skin tumors.
Answer is 3
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/583
|
Gardner's syndrome. |
Osteomas, Epidermal
inclusion cyst,
Retinal freckle, Mesenteric Desmoid
Ampullary cancers, Polyposis coli |
|
Turcot's syndrome. |
CNS Glioma, Polyposis
coli |
Q.60 The most common cancer, affecting Indian urban women in Delhi, Mumbai
and Chennai, is:
1 Cervical Cancer.
2 Ovarian Cancer.
3 Breast cancer.
4 Uterine Cancer.
Answer is 3
- K. Purk P.S.M, 17th ed/PG.287, Table 2.
• Overall M/C Cancer in India is C.A. Cervix.
• M/C Cancer of rural area - C.A. cervix.
• M/C cancer in Urban area - C.A. Breast.
• M/C Cancer of male in India - of C.A. of orodigestive tract.
• In Delhi and Mumbai - C.A. Breast is most common cancer
Q.61 All of the following are true for patients of ulcerative colitis
associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), except:
1 They may develop biliary cirrhosis.
2 May have raised alkaline phosphatase.
3 Increased risk of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
4 PSC reverts after a total colectomy.
Answer is 4
CMDT 2004/604 Robbins 7th Ed /915 Harrison 16th Ed /1784
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by both intrahepatic
and extra hepatic bile duct inflammation and fibrosis, frequently leading
to secondary biliary cirrhosis and hepatic failure. About 1 to 5% of patients
with IBD have PSC, but 50 to 75% of patients with PSC have
IBD. it can be recognized after the diagnosis of IBD and PSC can be detected
earlier or even years after proctocolectomy. During acute attack patients
have raised level of alkaline phosphatase. Patients with this entity are
at higher risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma.
Important point about ulcerative colitis in contrast with crohn’s disease
–
1 Risk of carcinoma is significantly higher in U.C. than C.D.
2 Toxic megacolon develops in < 2% of cases of U.C., it can also occur
in C.D.
3 Steroid is not used as a maintenance therapy in the treatment of U.C.
4 P-ANCA -ve and ASCA +ve has a 95% positive predictive value and 92%
Specificity for diagnosis of C.D.
5 P-ANCA +ve and ASCA -ve has a 88% PPV and 98% specificity for
Diagnosis of U.C.
Q.62 Which one of the following is not a feature of liver histology in
non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF)?
1 Fibrosis in and around the portal tracts.
2 Thrombosis of the medium and small portal vein branches.
3 Non specific inflammatory cell infiltrates in the portal tracts.
4 Bridging fibrosis.
Answer is 4
Schiff’s Diseases of liver 8th ed/406
Robbins pathology / Anderson’s pathology
Dahnert Radiological review manual 5th ed/682
BANTI syndrome = NON CIRRHOTIC PORTAL FIBROSIS = Hepatorenal
Sclerosis = Idiopathic portal HTN.
It is characterized by splenomegaly, hypersplenism; portal HTN, but there
is no feature of cirrhosis and of liver failure. So there are absence
of Ascites, encephalopathy, other signs of liver failure and Bridging
fibrosis, which is the characteristic histological finding of cirrhotic
liver. So the Complication of disease well tolerated and is not associated
with the dismal prognosis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patient. It
is characterized by gastro esophageal variceal hemorrhage in a young patient
with prominent splenomegaly.
POSTULATED ETIOLOGIES –
|
Arsenic
exposure
Ch. bacterial infection |
Malaria
Immunologic derangements
Genetic predisposition |
HISTOPATHOLOGY –
-Main lesion described as an obliterative portal venopathy of liver’ with
patchy
Segmental sub endothelial thickening of intrahepatic portal veins.
-Thrombus formation with variable obliteration or recanalization.
-Scarring and fibrosis of portal tract.
-Fibrosis prominent in extra hepatic portal vein and its intrahepatic branches.
-Liver surface may appears nodular but it is never cirrhotic
-Widening and fibrosis of space of disse
-Capillarization of sinusoids
- Non-specific inflammatory cell in portal tracts leads to fibrotic reaction.
- NCPF Common in India + Japan.
- Male predominance seen with mean age 25-35 yr
- Difference in Japanese and Indian -
• All patient has increase portal and splenic pressure. Japanese have elevated
hepatovenous portal gradient (HVPG), while Indian may have normal or increase
HVPG
• Japanese are likely to have 10-20 yr older and shows female predominance.
- Imaging modality of choice - splenoportography with help of Doppler (Doppler
flowmetry).
- Best investigation is - liver biopsy.
Q.63 The most common complication seen in hiatus hernia is:
1 Oesophagitis.
2 Aspiration pneumonitis.
3 Volvulus.
4 Esophageal stricture.
Answer is 1
Robbins Pathologic basis of disease7ED/802
Dahnert Radiological review manual 5th ed/p 832.
Reflux Oesophagitis is frequently seen in association with sliding hernias
Association of Hiatus hernia
|
Reflux Oesophagitis (25%)
Diverticulosis (25%) |
Duodenal ulcer (20%)
Gall stones (18%). |
Q.64 Patients of Rectovaginal fistula should be initially treated with:
1 Colostomy.
2 Primary repair.
3 Colporrhaphy.
4 Anterior resection.
Answer is 2
Maggot’s Abdominal Surgery Ed. /p.2147-49
Prior to surgery of Rectovaginal fistula, a complete 3-day mechanical and
antibiotic bowel preparation should be performed and colon must be completely
emptied, cleansed and sterilized prior to surgery. When all signs of infection
have resolved, no evidence of fistulitis is there, and fresh granulation
tissue is present, the primary repair can be performed.
Even in recurrent fistulas or fistulas after pelvic irradiation, they recommend
a Martius graft technique for repair. So even in recurrent condition they
does not perform the colostomy initially.
Whether or not to perform a diverting colostomy? There Preference is not
to perform a colostomy in individuals undergoing their first repair with
a Martius graft.
- Colporrhaphy done in prolapsed uterus
- Anterior resection done in C.A. rectum.
Q.65 A young woman met with an accident and had mild quadriparesis. Her
lateral X-ray cervical spine revealed C5-C6 fracture dislocation. Which
of the following is the best line of management?
1 Immediate anterior decompression.
2 Cervical traction followed by instrument fixation.
3 Hard cervical collar and bed rest.
4 Cervical laminectomy.
Answer is 2
Chapman’s Orthopedic Surgery 3rd ed/3699
Apley’s Orthopedics 8th ed/654
Maheshwari Orthopedics
TREATMENT of Fracture dislocation at lower cervical spine (below C3 spine)
• The displacement must be reduced as a matter of urgency.
• Skull traction is used, it is started with 5 kg and increasing it step
wise by similar amount up to 30 kg.
• If closed treatment with traction up to 2/3 of body weight or 65 pounds
(Whichever is less) is unable to achieve adequate reduction, operative intervention
is required.
• If reduction fails - Posterior open reduction and fusion is done.
Q.66 Which of the following catheter materials is most suited for long-term
use is?
1 Latex.
2 Silicone.
3 Rubber.
4 Polyurethane.
Answer is 2
Essential surgery, problems, diagnosis and management H. George
Burkitt/Clive R.G. Quick 3rd ed/393
With either type of catheterization (urethral or suprapubic), the major
problems are catheter blockage and infection. Catheter rapidly becomes blocked
by epithelial debris or by gradual accretion of calculus. Modern silicone
or silicone - coated ‘long term’ catheters are better in this respect but
must also be changed regularly (every 3 month’s 10-12 wks).
Q.67 The main site of bicarbonate reabsorption is:
1 Proximal convoluted tubule.
2 Distal convoluted tubule.
3 Cortical collecting duct.
4 Medullary collecting duct.
Answer is 1
Harrison principle of internal medicine 16th ed/1641
Also see Q 8
Reclamation of filtered HCO3? takes place largely in the proximal tubule
(80-90%) and, under normal circumstances, is virtually complete below a
critical plasma HCO3? concentration. The threshold concentration, which
is normally about 26 m mol/L, in human, is identical to the concentration
of HCO3? in plasma. As a consequence, HCO3? wastage is totally prevented
normally.
Q.68 Which of the following is the most troublesome source of bleeding during
a radical retro pubic prostatectomy?
1 Dorsal venous complex.
2 Inferior vesical pedicle.
3 Superior vesical pedicle.
4 Seminal vesicular artery.
Answer is 1
Glenn’s Urologic surgery 5th ed/277
Michael J. Drdler, Surgical management of urological disease, An anatomic
approach Ist ed/PG 654.
There are two dorsal venous plexus around the prostate. Superficial dorsal
vein is divided and then sutured directly. But the deep dorsal vein complex
runs parallel to the urethra at the apex of prostate and then fans out over
the anterior of prostate. We feel that it is important to control these
vessels preemptively rather than simply to incise them and place sutures
afterward.
A Mc- -Dougal clamp is useful for this purpose.
Santorini’s plexus provides the major source of venous drainage of the prostate.
This plexus lies on the anterior surface of the prostate in the puboprostatic
space. The deep dorsal vein of the penis and its tributaries are the major
contributors to the plexus. During retropubic prostatectomy this vessel
should be controlled separately (1) before capsulotomy in cases of simple
retropubic procedures and (2) before opening endopelvic fascia and dividing
puboprostatic ligaments in cases of radical prostatectomy.
Q.69 The most common cause of renal scarring in a 3 year old child is:
1 Trauma.
2 Tuberculosis.
3 Vesicoureteral reflux induced pyelonephritis.
4 Interstitial nephritis.
Answer is 3
Dahnert radiological review manual 5th ed/p 983, 946
VESICOURETERIC REFLUX - (Congenital reflux = Primary reflux)
9-10% of normal Caucasian babies
1.4% of schoolgirls
30% of children with a first episode of UTI
Reflux nephropathy also called chronic atrophic pyelonephritis. It leads
to the scarring of kidney. Scar formation occurs only up to age 4 years.
Vesicoureteral reflux induced Pyelonephritis is most common cause of renal
scarring in children.
Q.70 The most sensitive imaging modality for diagnosing ureteric stones
in a patient with acute colic is:
1 X-ray KUB region
2 Ultra sonogram
3 non-contrasts CT scan of the abdomen.
4 Contrast enhanced CT scan of the abdomen.
Answer is 3
Dahnert Radiological review manual 5th ed/P 981-982
M/c type of calculus is Calcium stone
|
M/c type of calculus is Calcium stone
Calcium stone
- 75%
Struvite stone
- 15%
Calcium
phosphate - 5%
All are radioopaque
Uric acid
- 5%
Cystine
- 1%
Radiolucent stone -Uric acid
Xanthine
Matrix
stone |
Q.71 Which one of the following is not used as tumor marker in testicular
tumors?
1 AFP.
2 LDH.
3 HCG.
4 CEA.
Answer is 4
Bailey and love’s surgery 23rd ed/1280
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/chapter 90
The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level serves as an additional marker
of all GCTs of testis, but it is not as specific as either AFP or HCG.
LDH levels are increased in 50 to 60% patients with metastatic nonseminoma
and in up to 80% of patients with advanced seminoma.
While plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level predicts eventual tumor
recurrence in colonic carcinoma.
Q.72 Which one of the following is the common cause of congenital
Hydrocephalus is?
1 Craniosynostosis.
2 Intra uterine meningitis
3 Aqueductal stenosis
4 Malformations of great vein of Galen.
Answer is 3
Dahnert radiological review manual 5th edi/291
Congenital Hydrocephalus
1- M/c cause is aqueduct stenosis (43%)
2- 2nd commonest is communicating hydrocephalus (38%).
3- On USG assessment is difficult prior to 20 wks GA, as ventricles ordinarily
Constitutes a large portion of cranial vault.
4- On USG - dangling choroid plexus sign is seen.
5- CAUSES OF INFANTILE HYDROCEPHALUS –
|
|
-
Dandy
- Walker syndrome
-
Tumor
-
Hemorrhage
-
Choroid
plexus Papilloma
|
Q.73 In a child, non-functioning kidney is best diagnosed by:
1 Ultrasonography.
2 IVU.
3 DTPA Renogram.
4 Creatinine clearance.
Answer is 3
Grainger and Allinson, Diagnostic Radiology 3rd ed/115
Urinary Tract imaging in Pediatrics age group
A two-part evaluation of the kidney is now commonplace; renal morphology
is assessed with ultrasound and renal function by radionuclide study. Both
congenital and acquired conditions may result in reduced renal function,
and radionuclide imaging is superior to excretory urography in providing
information. In the neonatal period, this conjoint imaging technique is
excellent in evaluating cystic dysplastic conditions, obstructive uropathies,
and renovascular disturbances.
Renal scintigraphy and ultrasonography complement each other.
Renal function and the status of the collecting system can be assessed by
agents which are filtered by the glomeruli-like radiographic contrast media
- 99mTc diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) - or secreted by the
renal tubules - iodine-131 (131I-) labelled ortho-iodohippurate (OIH), 99mTc
mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3). An agent which binds in the cortex is used
to assess functioning renal parenchyma: 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA).
By combining features
of both the above groups, 9mTc glycoheptonate (GH) is partially cleared
by filtration (85%) and
partially bound to proximal renal tubules (15%).
Q.74 The most common malignant neoplasm of infancy is:
1 Malignant Teratoma.
2 Neuroblastoma.
3 Wilms’ tumor.
4 Hepatoblastoma.
Answer is 2
Dahnert radiological review manual 5th ed/932-933
Grainger and Allinson, diagnostic radiology, 5th ed/1757
Neuroblastoma is the most common solid abdominal mass of infancy (12.3%
of all perinatal neoplasm). It constitutes 3rd M/C malignant tumor of infancy
(after leukemia > CNS tumor). But
Neuroblastoma is 2nd M/C tumor of childhood (Wilms tumor is first)
- Site of metastasis in Neuroblastoma - bone (60%) > L.N. (42%) >
orbit > liver (15%) < intracranial.
- Syndrome associated with metastasis of neuroblastoma -
1) Hutchinson syndrome
2) Pepper syndrome
3) Blueberry muffin syndrome.
Q.75 The most common presentation of a child with Wilm’s tumor is:
1 An asymptomatic abdominal mass.
2 Hematuria.
3 Hypertension.
4 Hemoptysis due to pulmonary secondary.
Answer is 1
Grainger and Allinson, diagnostic radiology, 5th ed/1760
Dahnert radiological review manual 5th ed/984-85
-Wilm’s tumor - (Nephroblastoma)
|
-
Clinical presentation
Asymptomatic palpable abdominal
mass (90%)
HTN in 25% due to rennin
Pain abdomen (25%)
Low-grade fever
(15%) |
-
Rules of 10’s
10% Unfavorable histology
10% Bilateral0 10% Vascular
invasion
10% Calcification
10% Pulmonary metastasis at presentation |
10% tumor is - phaeochromocytoma
10% rule is also seen in Craniopharyngioma of brain.
PEARL POINTS
- D/d from Neuroblastoma is very imp. Note that in Neuroblastoma there
is
Encasement/elevation of aorta while Wilms tumor have invasion properly.
- Neuroblastoma shows stippled regular calcification while curvilinear
Calcification is seen in Wilm’s tumor.
Q.76 The laryngeal mask airway used for securing the airway of a patient
in all of the following conditions except:
1 In a difficult intubation.
2 In cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
3 In a child undergoing an elective routine eye surgery.
4 In a patient with a large tumor in the oral cavity.
Answer is 4
Clinical anesthesiology Lange - Appleton 3rd/P-65
The laryngeal mask airway provides an alternative to ventilation through
a
Face mask or ETT.
Contraindication to LMA
- Patient with pharyngeal pathology (e.g. abscess)
- Patient with pharyngeal obstruction. (Large tumor)
- Full stomach (e.g. pregnancy, hiatus hernia)
- Low pulmonary compliance (e.g. obesity) requiring peak inspiratory
Pressure greater than 20 cm H2O.
Q.77 The following are used for treatment of postoperative nausea and
vomiting following squint surgery in children except:
1 Ketamine.
2 Ondansetron.
3 Propofol.
6 Dexamethasone.
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, pg-940
Postoperative nausea & vomiting
1) Increased incidence of nausea has been reported with -
. following opiods . N2O anaesthesia
. after laparoscopy . after strabismus surgery
2) Highest incidence appears to be in young women, studies suggest that
nausea is more common during menstruation.
3) Propofol anaesthesia decreases the incidence of postoperative nausea
and vomiting.
4) Intravenous droperidol and metoclopramide also decreases postoperative
nausea.
5) Drugs used in postoperative nausea.
• 5HT3 antagonists (ondansetron, granisetron and dolasetron) are extremely
effective. No dystonia and No dysphoria occur with use of these agent.
• Ondansetron may be more effective than other agent in children.
• Dexamethasone when combined with another antiemetic is especially effective
for refractory nausea and vomiting.
• Low dose propofol has been reported to be effective for postoperative
nausea and vomiting.
Q.78 Which one of the following anaesthetic agents causes a rise in the
Intracranial pressure:
1 Sevoflurane.
2 Thiopentone sodium.
3 Lignocaine.
4 Propofol.
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, pg-145
Answer is (1) Sevoflurane -
• Similar to isoflurane and desflurane, sevoflurane causes slight increase
in cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure at normo carbia.
• High concentration of Sevoflurane (> 1.5 MAC) may impair autoregulation
of C.B.LF. and thus allowing a drop in C.B.F. during ihemorrhagic hypotension.
This effect on CBF is less pronounced
than isoflurane.
• Property of sevoflurane -. non purgent and rapid increase in alveolar
anesthetic concentration make seroflurane an excellent choice for smooth
and rapid inhalation induction in pediatric or adult patient.
• Contraindication of seroflurane are
1) Severe hypovolemia 2) Susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia 3) intracranial
hypertension.
Q.79 The following modes of ventilation may be used for weaning off patients
from mechanical ventilation except:
1 Controlled Mechanical ventilation (CMV).
2 Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV).
3 Pressure support ventilation (PSV).
4 Assist - control ventilation (ACV).
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, pg-962
Points about Ventilatory modes -
CMV - Controlled mode venteilation
AC - Assist control.
IMV - Intermittent mandatory ventilation
SIMV - Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation.
PSV - Pressure support ventilation
PCV - Pressure Control Ventilation
MMV - Mandatory minute ventilation
IRV - Inverse I:E ratio ventilation
APRV - Airway pressure release ventilation
HFJV - High frequency jet ventilation.
The modes that don’t allow spontaneous ventilation
CMV
PCV
PC-IRV
The weaning modes are
IMV
SIMV
PSV
AC can also be used during weaning but CMV is never used as weaning mode.
Q.80 The most common pathogens responsible for nosocomial pneumonias in
the ICU are:
1 Gram positive organisms.
2 Gram negative organisms.
3 Mycoplasma.
4 Virus infections.
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, pg-981
Nosocomial pneumonias are usually caused by gram negative organisms,and
are leading cause of death in many ICUs
® GI
bacterial overgrowth
¯
Translocation into the portal circulation
¯
Retrograde colonization of the upper airways from GI tract
¯
Aspiration
®Most
nosocomial infection arise from endogenous bacterial flora
®Urinary
tract accounts for upto 35-40% of nosocomial infection
®Urinary
inf are usually due gram negative bacteria and associated with indwelling
catheter
®Wound
inf are 2nd most common cause,25-30%
®Pneumonia
accounts for another ,20-25%
®Intravascular
catheter inf are responsible for 5-10%of ICU inf
Hence the answer is 2
Q.81 A Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS) can be carried out under
all the following
techniques of anaesthesia except:
1 General anaesthesia.
2 Spinal anaesthesia.
3 Caudal anaesthesia.
4 Combined Spinal Epidural anaesthesia.
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, p-828.
Anasthesia for cesarean section-
-80% are performes under regional ansthesia
40% spinal
40% epidural
-Epidural anasthesia is preferred over spinal anasthesia because of more
gradual decrease in B.P.
-Continuous epidural anasthesia also allows better control the sensory
level.
-CSE anasthesia – it is called combined spinal epidural anasthesia.
It combines benefit of both type of anasthesia.
1. rapid and reliable and intense block of spinal anasthesia.
2. flexibility of epidural catheter.
-Advantage of general anasthesia.
1. rapid, reliable.
2. control of airway & ventilation.
3. potentially less hypotension.
Important facts:
1. Cesarean section requires a T4 sensory level.
2. Measures to prevent hypotension during spinal anastheasia.
-1500-2000 ml bolus of Ringer lactate injection prior to block (crystalloid
are not effective).
-phenylephrine if hypotension occurs.
-ephedrine prior to block.
-trendlenberg position
3. Epidural anasthesia is most satisfactory when an epidural catheter
is used.
4. Epidural morphine, 5mg, at the end of surgery provides good to excellent
pain relief
post-operatively.
Q.82 The most appropriate circuit for ventilating a spontaneously breathing
infant during anaesthesia is:
e. Jackson Rees’ modification of Ayres’ T Piece.
f. Mapleson A or Magill’s circuit.
g. Mapleson C or Waters’ to and fro canister.
h. Bains circuit.
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, pg
Q.83 The abnormal preoperative pulmonary function test in a patient with
severe kyphoscoliosis includes:
i. Increased RV/TLC.
j. Reduced FEV1/FVC
k. Reduced FEV25-75
l. Increased FRC.
m.
Q. 84 Which one of the following drugs has been shown to offer protection
from gastric aspiration syndrome in a patient with symptoms of reflux?
1 Ondansetron.
2 Metoclopramide.
3 Sodium citrate.
4 Atropine.
Lange clinical anaesthesiology 3rd Ed, p830
Prophylaxis against aspiration pneumonia:
1. 30 ml of .3M sodium citrate 30-445 min prior to induction given routinely.
2. Patient with risk factors like morbid obesity, gastro-esophageal reflux,
potentially difficult airway, emergent delivery should also receive Ranitidine
and/or
Metoclopramide.
3. High risk patient- 40mg omeprazole in night is most effective.
4. anticholenergic like Glycopyrrolate (.1mg) reduce the risk of aspiration
only theoretically.
Q.85 Which one of the following is true of adrenal suppression due to
steroid therapy?
1 It is not associated with atrophy of the adrenal glands.
2 It does not occur in patients receiving inhaled steroids.
3 It should be expected in anyone receiving > 5 mg. Prednisolone Daily
4 Following cessation, the stress response normalizes after 8 weeks.
Answer is 3
Q.86 The carpal tunnel contains all of the following important structures
except:
1 Median Nerve.
2 Flexor pollicis longus.
3 Flexor carpi radialis.
4 Flexor digitorum superficialis.
Answer is 3
B. D. Chaurasia vol. ii 3rd Ed pg-99
Q.87 The femoral ring is bounded by the following structures except:
1 Femoral vein
2 Inguinal ligament.
3 Femoral artery.
4 Lacunars ligament.
Answer is 3
B. D. Chaurasia vol. ii 3rd Ed pg-44-45
Femoral vein makes the lateral wall of femoral ring. Femoral artery lies
lateral to the
femoral vein so how can it make boundary of femoral ring.
B. D. Chaurasia vol. ii 3rd Ed pg-44-45
Q.88 All of the following statements regarding vas deference are true
except:
1 The terminal part is dilated to form ampulla.
2 It crosses ureter in the region of Ischial spine.
3 It passes lateral to inferior epigastric artery at deep inguinal ring.
4 It is separated from the base of bladder by the peritoneum.
Answer is 4
B. D. Chaurasia vol. ii 3rd Ed pg-325 -327
The base of bladder is not covered by the peritoneum so how can it separate
the ureter from the base of bladder by the peritoneum.
Q.89 The following statements concerning chorda tympani nerve are true
except that it:
1 Carries secretomotor fibers to slubmandibular gland.
2 Joins lingual nerve in infratemporal fossa.
3 Is a branch of facial nerve.
4 Contains postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
Answer is 4
B. D. Chaurasia vol. III 3rd Ed pg-113
It Carries secretomotor fibers
to slubmandibular gland, which are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
not postganglionic parasympathetic
It should be noted that any major nerve in body cannot Contains postganglionic
parasympathetic fibers. Because parasympathetic ganglia lie in the effector
organ itself, so how is it possible?
Q.90 A woman with infertility receives an ovary transplant from her sister
who is an identical Twin. What type of graft it is?
1 Xenograft.
2 Autograft.
3 Allograft.
4 Isograft.
Answer is 4
Panikar microbiology PG 164
TYPES OF GRAFTS
|
Allograft: |
Transplant
from one individual to another with a different genetic make- up,
within the same species, e.g. kidney transplant from one person
to any other (except an identical twin). |
|
Isograft or
Syngeneic graft |
Transplant
between genetically identical, monozygotic twins, or between members
of an inbred strain of animals. |
|
Autograft |
Transplant
from one site to another on the same individual, e.g. transplanting
a blood vessel from the leg to the heart during cardiac bypass surgery.
This type of transplant does not require immunosuppressive therapy. |
|
Xenograft |
Transplant
across species barriers, e.g., transplanting a heart from a baboon
to a human. Have a very poor prognosis because of the presence of
cross-species reactive antibodies that will induce hyperacute rejection. |
Q.91 The type of joint between the sacrum and the coccyx is a:
1 Symphysis.
2 Synostosis.
3 Synchondrosis.
4 Syndesmosis.
Answer is 1
Q.92 The Prostatic urethra is characterized by all of the following features,
except that it:
1 It is the widest and most dilatable part
2 Presents a concavity posteriorly
3 Lies closer to anterior surface of prostate.
4 Receives Prostatic ductules along its posterior wall.
Answer is 2
B.D. Chaurasia Vol. 2/Page 308
Moore & Dalley, Clinically oriented anatomy 4th Ed Pg –363
PROSTATIC URETHRA
1 Semi-lunar on transverse section with its convexity directed forwards.
2 Widest and most dilatable part of the male urethra.
3 Receive Prostatic ductules along its posterior wall.
4 Forms a gentle curve, that is concave anteriorly
5 Lies closer to anterior surface of prostate.
6 Prostatic sinuses lies on side of Prostatic utricle and each sinus Presents
the opening of about 20-30 Prostatic glands
7 Slit like opening of ejaculatory duct on or just within the orifice to
the Prostatic utricle
- The membranous part is star shaped (stellate) and it is least dilatable
part of the male
urethra.
- The spongy part is in the form of a transverse slit.
- External urethral orifice is in the form of a vertical slit.
Q.93 All of the following areas are commonly involved sites in pelvic fracture
except:
1 Pubic rami.
2 Alae of ileum.
3 Acetabula.
4 Ischial tuberosities.
Answer is 4
Moore & Dalley Clinically oriented anatomy 4th Ed PG –338
Pelvic fractures can result from - direct trauma to the pelvic bones as
in automobile accidents or caused by forces transmitted to these bones from
the lower limbs during fall on feet The areas of fractures in ? ing order
of frequency are
1 Pubic rami
2 Acetabula (or the area immediately surrounding them
3 Region of sacroiliac joint
4 Alae of ileum
These are the weak areas of the pelvis
Q.94 The following group of lymph nodes receives lymphatics from the uterus
except:
1 External iliac.
2 Internal iliac.
3 Superficial inguinal.
4 Deep inguinal.
Answer is 4
B.D. Chaurasia Vol. II page 319.
Lymphatic drainage of uterus –
|
Fundus
and upper part of body |
Aortic
nodes partly to the superficial inguinal nodes along the round ligament
of the uterus |
|
Cervix |
-
External iliac, internal iliac and sacral nodes. |
|
Middle
lymphatics and lower part |
External
iliac nodes |
Q.95 All of the following physiological processes occur during the growth
at the epiphyseal plate except:
1 Proliferation and hypertrophy.
2 Calcification and ossification.
3 Vasculogenesis and erosion.
4 Replacement of red bone marrow with yellow marrow.
Answer is 4
Tortora & Grabowski, Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 9th Ed,
Pg 168-170
The epiphyseal plate is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysic of
a growing bone that consists of four zones
|
Resting Zone |
No function in bone growth, they anchor the epiphyseal plate to
the bone of epiphysis |
Proliferating Zone |
The chondrocytes divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal
side of epiphyseal plate |
|
Hypertrophic Zone |
The chondrocytes are even larger. The lengthening of the diaphysis
is the result of cell division in the zone of proliferating cartilage
and the maturation of the cells in the zone of Hypertrophic cartilage
|
|
Calcified Zone |
Consists mostly of dead chondrocytes because the matrix around
them has calcified. This calcified cartilage is dissolved by osteoclastic
erosion and increased vascularisation. This area is invaded by osteoblasts
and capillaries from the diaphysis |
Q.96 Benign Prostatic hypertrophy results in obstruction of the urinary
tract. The specific condition is associated with enlargement of the:
1 Entire prostate gland.
2 Lateral lobes.
3 Median lobe.
4 Posterior lobes.
Answer is 3
Moore & Dalley Clinically oriented anatomy 4th Ed Pg-369
Middle lobe (median lobe) often enlarges in the most peoples and obstructs
the internal urethral orifice; the more the Person strains, the more the
Prostate occlude the urethra enlargement of this lobe give rise to symptom
of bladder outflow obstruction even in absence of Prostatic enlargement.
Q.97 In an adult male, on per rectal examination, the following structures
can be felt anteriorly except:
1 Internal iliac lymph nodes.
2 Bulb of the penis.
3 Prostate.
4 Seminal vesicle when enlarged.
Answer is 1
Moore & Daley’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy 4th Ed, Pg-388
Many structures related to the antero-inferior part of the rectum may be
palpated through its walls on per rectal examination. These are-
- Prostate & seminal vesicles in males
- Cervix in females
- In both sexes, pelvic surface of sacrum& coccyx, Ischial space &
tuberosities may also be palpated
- Bulb of penis specially when urethra is catheterized.
- Enlarged internal iliac LN felt on lateral wall, pathological thickening
of the Ureters
swelling in ischiorectal fossa, or ischiorectal abscess and abnormal contents
in recto-vesical pouch in male & recto-uterine pouch in females
- Tenderness of inflamed appendix can also be detected per rectally in case
of pelvic appendix.
Q.98 While doing thoracocentesis, it is advisable to introduce needle along:
1 Upper border of the rib.
2 lower border of the rib.
3 In the center of the inter-costal space.
4 In anterior part of inter-costal space.
Answer is 1
Clinically oriented anatomy Keith L. Moore 4th edi/87.
In Thoracocentesis, to avoid damage to the inter-costal nerve and vessels,
the needle is
inserted superior to the rib, in plane of mid axillary’s line, High enough
to avoid the
collateral branches. It is not inserted along lower border of rib because
neuro-vascular bundle lies there.
TRIANGLE OF SAFETY
Anterior border of latissimus dorsi
The posterior border of the Pectoralis major and
The superior border of the fifth rib
Q.99. Virus mediated transfer of host DNA from one cell to another is known
as:
1. Transduction.
2. Transformation.
3. Transcription.
4. Integration.
Answer is 1
Panikar microbiology 6th Ed PG 51-53
Harrison principle of internal medicine 15th ed/ chapter 69 Table 69-3
Two major classes of vectors are used for transferring nucleic acids into
cells for the purposes of gene therapy: viral and non-viral vectors. Viral
vectors have been genetically engineered so that the viruses transfer exogenous
(therapeutic) nucleic acids into cells through a process called transduction.
Q.100 Barr body is found in the following phase of the cell cycle:
1. Interphase.
2. Metaphase.
3. GI phase
4. Telophase.
Answer is 1
Q.101 The type of hemoglobin that has least affinity for 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate
(2,3-DPG) or (2,3-BPG) is:
1.Hg A.
2.Hg F.
3.Hg B.
4.Hg A2.
Answer is 2
Lippincott illustrated Biochemistry/pg 33.
Under physiologic conditions, HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen than
does HbA, owing to HbF’s binding only weakly to 2,3-BPG. (Note: The y-globin
chains of HbF lack some of the positively charged amino acids found in the
-globin chains that are responsible for binding 2,3-BPG]. Because
2,3-BPG serves to reduce the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, the weaker
interaction between 2,3-BPG and HbF results in a higher oxygen affinity
for HbF relative to HbA
| Form |
Chain
composition |
Fraction
ofTotal hemoglobin |
| HbA |
a2b2 |
90% |
| HbF |
a2y2 |
< 2% |
| HbA2 |
a2b2 |
2-5% |
| HbA1c |
a2b2-glucose |
3-9% |
(Note: The-chains in these hemoglobin’s are identical)
Q.102 Cellular and flagellar movement is carried out by all of the following
except:
1 Intermediate filaments.
2 Actin.
3 Tubulin.
4 Myosin.
Answer is 1
Ganong Physiology 20 ed/14
1 The cytoskeleton is made up primarily of microtubules, intermediate filaments
and microfilaments.
2 Microtubules are a dynamic portion of the cell skeleton. They provide
the tracks for transport of vesicles, organelles such as secretory granules,
and mitochondria from one part of the cell to another. Microtubules are
made up of 2 lobular protein subunits - and -tubulin.
3 Intermediate filaments form flexible scaffolding for the cell and help
it resist external pressure it dose not help in any movement in or of the
cell.
Molecular motors
| Microtubule base |
Kinesin and dyne |
| Actin based |
Myosin |
So microtubule, actin and myosin functions as molecular motor (in
movement of cell < flagella < cilia)
Q.103 Heme is converted to bilirubin mainly in:
1 Kidney.
2 Liver.
3 Spleen.
4 Bone marrow.
Answer is 3
Harrison 16th ed/239
Sequence of Heme catabolis and bilirubin
Spleen>Liver (Other Reticuloendothelial cells)
Genetic or functional deficiency of the glucuronyl transferase system
UNCONJUGATED AND TOTAL BILIRUBIN INCREASES
. Crigler - Najjer syndrome.
. Gilbert syndrome
. Physiological jaundice in newborn especially premature infants
Q.104 An example of a tumor suppressor gene is:
1 myc
2 fos
3 ras
4 Rb
Answer is 4
Harrison 15th ed/ chapter 81
Love & Bailey 24th ed/214
Some
e.g. of Tumor Suppressor gene involved in human tumorigenesis
Gene |
Chromosome |
Cancer type |
|
APC |
5q
21 |
Colon |
|
P53 |
17P13 |
App.
50% of all cancer |
|
RB1 |
13q14 |
Retinoblastoma,
lung, breast, prostate |
|
SMAD4 |
18q21 |
Pancreatic |
|
WT1 |
11P13 |
Wilm’s
tumor |
|
VHL |
3P25 |
Kidney,
phaeochromocytoma |
Ras, fos & myc all are oncogene
Q.105 HIV can be detected and confirmed by:
1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2 Reverse Transcriptase - PCR
3 Real time PCR
4 Mimic PCR.
Answer is 1
Long& Prober’s Pediatrics infectious diseases 2nd Ed PG 677,
Samters immunological diseases 5th Ed, Vol -1 Pg 438
PCR is most often used to find pro-viral DNA within the chromosomes of infected
mononuclear cells. Viral RNA, which represents viral replication, can also
be detected by PCR. The polymerase chain reaction for the detection of HIV
DNA or RNA is extremely sensitive test that can detect as few as one copy
of viral DNA or RNA in 10 cells.
®HIV
DNA PCR is relatively rapid diagnostic assay test can be performed with
in 24 hrs using anticoagulated whole blood.
®Reverse
transcriptase- PCR is used for the quantitative evaluation of HIV RNA within
the plasma for the prognosis point of view.
®Viral
culture and p24antigen detection are also quantitative virologic assay used
for disease progression and response to therapy.
®The
gold standard for the determination of HIV is culture.
Hence answer
is 1.
PCR amplification of the HIV proviral DNA provides the ability to detect
HIV at earlier stages of infection, because the viral nucleic acid is present
immediately upon exposure.
Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT - PCR) - is a modified version of PCR in which
C-DNA produced from an RNA sample using reverse transcriptase is amplified.
RT-PCR is used to measure the quantity of HIV (an RNA virus), circulating
in the blood (viral load) when monitoring the response to drugs or the status
of infection in-patient with HIV infection.
In Western blot GP120, p55, gp41 and p24 antigen taken and antibodies against
these detected. The Probe antibody used in it is 125I - goat anti human
Ig.
Q.106 Which one of the following molecules is used for cell signaling?
1 CO2.
2 O2.
3 NO.
4 N2.
Answer is 3
Ganong Physiology 20th ed /109
NITRIC OXIDE
1 also called EDRF (endothelium derived relaxing factor)
2 It acts by activating guanyl cyclase by direct binding. (Not G protein
mediated action, like other transmitters). For signaling it do not require
G protein, It directly diffuses in cell.
3 Synthesized from L-arginin by action of NO synthase requires NADPH.
NO synthase is also called NADPH diaphorase (NDP).
Carbon monoxide (CO) is another gas that is probably a transmitter in brain.
- Signal transduction by using cGMP pathway - ANF and NO.
- Tyrosine kinase activity of receptor seen in
107 All of the following hormones have cell surface receptors except:
1 Adrenalin.
2 Growth Hormone.
3 Insulin.
4 Thyroxin.
Answer is 4
Ganong Physiology 20th ed/313
Harpar Biochemistry 26th ed/138
Lipid soluble hormones
(steroids and thyroid hormone)
1) Their Receptors are inside the cell.
2) Hormone - receptor complex binds to hormone response elements (HRE, of
enhancer gene) in DNA.
3) Control of gene expression requires hour
E.g. - Steroids
Calcitriol
Thyroxines
Retinoic acid
While insulin, adrenalin, growth hormone and other (a lot of protein hormone)
are water-soluble and they do not cross cell membrane. Their receptors are
in the cell membrane.
Thyroid hormones enter cells and T3 binds to thyroid receptor, which are
present in the nuclei.
108 Fluoride, used in the collection of blood samples for glucose estimation,
inhibits the
enzyme:
1 Glucokinase.
2 Hexokinase.
3 Enolase.
4 Glucose-6-phosphatase.
Answer is 3
108. PG 232
Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enolase is a homodimer that is inhibited by fluoride, with formation of
the magnesium
fluorophosphates complex at the active site. This property of fluoride is
used to inhibit
glycolysis in blood specimens obtained for measurement of glucose concentration.
In the absence of fluoride (or any other antiglycolytic agent), the blood
glucose concentration decreases ast about 10 mg/dL per hour at 25oC. The
rate of decrease is more rapid in blood from newborn infants owing to the
increased metabolic activity of the erythrocytes and in leukemia patients
because of the larger numbers of leukocytes.
Neuron-specific and non-neuron-specific enolase isoenzymes have been used
as markers to distinguish neurons from nonneuronal cells (e.g., glial cells
that are physically and metabolically supportive cells of neurons) by immunocytochemical
techniques. Neuron-specific enolase is extremely stable and resistant to
a number of in vitro treatments (e.g., high temperature, urea, chloride)
that inactivate other enolases.
Q.109 In the small intestine, cholera toxin acts by:
1 ADP-ribosylation of the G regulatory protein.
2 Inhibition of adenyl cyclase.
3 Activation of GTPase.
4 Active absorption of NaCl.
Answer is 1
R Ananthanarayan Panikar Microbiology 5th ed/286
A1 Fragment of cholera toxin causes prolonged activation of cellular adenylate
cyclase and accumulation of c-AMP, leading to out pouring of large quantities
of water and electrolytes into the small intestinal lumen, and the consequent
watery diarrhea.
PEARL POINTS
Certain bacterial exotoxins are enzyme and they attach to ADP - ribose residue
of NAD to G subunit. This activity is K/A ADP – ribosylation. Some
oncogenic mutation leads to ADP ribosylation of some protein (gene product)
|
Cholera
toxin |
Ribosylation
of Gs d |
diarrhoea
of cholera |
|
E.coli |
Gs
a |
Traveler’s
diarrhoea |
|
Pertusis
toxin |
Gi
a |
Pertusis |
p21 Gsa -Colon,
lung, breast, bladder tumor
ras (GSP) -Pituitary tumors, adenomas, endocrine ovarian
Q.110 The following is not a feature of malignant transformation by cultured
cells:
1 Increased cell density.
2 Increased requirement for growth factors.
3 Alterations of cytoskeletal structures.
4 Loss of anchorage.
Answer is 2
Molecular cell biolog Lodish,
Berk 4th edi/1058
• The cells, which continue to grow when the normal cells have become
quiescent, have undergone transformation and are called to transformed
cell. Properties of transformed cell - similar to that of malignant cell
it is called malignant transformation of cultured cell.
1 Change in cell morphology
2 Ability to grow unattached to a basal lamina or other extracellular
matrix called loss of anchorage)
3 Loss of Actin microfilament
4 Reduced requirement for growth factor.
5 Secretion of plasminogen activator.
Q.111 Osteoclasts are inhibited by:
1 Parathyroid hormone.
2 Calcitonin.
3 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
4 Tumor necrosis factor.
Answer is 2
Ganong Physiology 20th ed/373
Factors inhibit Osteoclasts are -
Calcitonin TGF ?
Estrogen IFN?
PGE2
Factor inhibits osteoblast - only Corticosteroids.
Note - Parathyroid excess leads to loss of calcium from bone by
activating osteoclast but its receptor is not on osteoclast. It’s receptor
on osteoblast - it activates the osteoclast.
Q.112 The protective effects of breast milk are known to be associated
with:
1 Ig M antibodies.
2 Lysozyme.
3 Mast cells.
4 Ig A antibodies.
Answer is 4
Forfar& Arneil”s Textbook of Pediatrics 4th Ed
,Pg-364
Macrophages and non-specific immune factors such as lactoperoxidase, unsaturated
lactoferrin and
Lysozyme are bactericidal. Lipase kills Giardia lamblia and entamoeba
and many gangliosides and lipids are viricidal. Nevertheless specific
passive immunity conferred by secretory Ig A is possibly of greater importance.
It confers passive immunity to the baby and exerts its protective action
by preventing bacterial contact to epithelial cell surfaces, thus preventing
gastrointestinal infections
Q.113 A simple bacterial test for mutagenic carcinogens is:
1 Ames test.
2 Redox test.
3 Bacteriophage.
4 Gene splicing.
Answer is 1
Robbins Pathology 6th ed/307-308
The mutagenic potential is investigated by most commonly using the Ames
test. This test uses the ability of a chemical to induce mutation in the
bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. 70-90% of know chemical carcinogens
scores positive in the Ames test.
?Bacteriophages are viruses that are responsible for transduction.
?Gene splicing is the genetic defect responsible for B Thalassemia. Mutation
in splice sites affects the accuracy of intron removal from hetero-nuclear
RNA (hn RNA) during
posttranscriptional processing.
Mutation in splice site now
well documented in –
B Thalassemia
Gaucher’s disease and
Tay - Sach’s disease.
Q.114 The predominant isozyme of LDH in cardiac muscle is:
1 LD-1.
2 LD-2
3 LD-3
4 LD-5.
Answer is 1 MBB4TH/233
Harsh Mohan Pathology 3rd ed./349
Harpers Biochemistry 26th ed/57
LDLH-1 is myocardial specific isozyme; estimation of ratio of LDH-1/LDH-2
above 1 is reasonably helpful in making a diagnosis of MI.
TABLE 13.3
Serum LDH Isoenzyme Patterns in Various Disorders*
| Isoenzyme Pattern |
Disorder |
| Elevation of LDH-1 and |
Myocardial infarction |
| LDH-2, frequently |
Renal cortical infarction |
| LDH-1 > LDH-2 |
Pernicious anemiaHemolysisMuscular dystrophy (later
stages) |
| Elevation of LDH-5 |
Liver disease |
| |
Skeletal muscle damageSome cancers |
| Elevation of LDH-3 |
Some neoplastic diseasesfrequently Lymphoproliferative |
| LDH-3 > LDH-2 |
disordersPlatelet-related disorders |
| Elevation of LDH-2 |
Pulmonary infarction |
| and LDH-3 |
|
| All isoenzymes elevated |
Widespread tissue injury |
*Normal distribution LDH-1 <LDH-2>LDH-3>LDH-4 < = > LDH-5
Q.115. Both Vitamin K and C are involved in:
1 The synthesis of clotting factors.
2 Post translational modifications.
3 Antioxidant mechanisms.
4 The microsomal hydroxylation reactions.
Answer is 2
Harpar
Biochemistry 26th ed/495,487
Vit. C leads to posttranslational modification of Collagen. It leads to
hydroxylation of
proline residues at the Y position in procollagen chains as they pass
through the RER.
Vit. K leads to carboxylation of the coagulation factor II, VII, IX and
X, as well as the
anticoagulant protein C and S. It does carboxylation of Glutamic acid
residue. This Vit. K dependent Carboxylation is a cotranslational modification/post
translational modification.
Q.116 Enzymes that move a molecular group from one molecule to another
are known as:
1.Ligases.
2. Oxido-reductases.
3. Transferases.
4. Dipeptidases.
Answer is 3 MBB4TH/86
Harper Biochemistry 26th ed/50
TABLE 8.3 Six major classes of enzymes
| Class |
Type of reaction |
Example |
| 1. Oxidoreductases |
Oxidation-reduction |
Lactate dehydrogenase |
| 2. Transferases
|
Group transfer |
Nucleosidemonophosphatekinase
(NMP kinase) |
| 3. Hydrolases |
Hydrolysis reaction
(transfer of Chymotrypsin functional groups to
water) |
|
| 4. Lyases |
Addition or removal
of groups to double bonds |
Fumarase |
| 5. Isomerases |
Isomerization (intramolecular
group transfer) |
Triose phosphate Isomerases |
| 6. Ligases |
Ligation of two substrates
at theexpense of ATP hydrolysis |
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
Q.117 The membrane protein,
clathrin is involved in:
1 Cell motility.
2 Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
3 Exocytosis.
4 Cell shape.
Answer is 2
MBB4TH/186
Harpers Biochemistry 26th ed/420,429117./185-187
• Clathrin is a major component of coated vesicle. Clathrin and it’s tightly
bound light chains forms flexible lattice leading to scaffolding of the
surrounding vesicle.
• Clathrin coated vesicle have an important role in receptor mediated
endocytosis in addition to role in intracellular transport.
• LDH receptor internalization is a good example of clathrin coated receptor
mediated
endocytosis.
Q.118 A highly ionized drug:
1 Is excreted mainly by the kidney.
2 Can cross the placental barrier easily.
3 Is well absorbed from the intestine.
4 Accumulates in the cellular lipids.
Answer is 1
K.D.T. medical pharmacology 5th ed/26
Lipid soluble drugs filtered at the glomerulus back diffuses in the tubules
because 99% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed, but nonlipid soluble
and highly ionized drugs are unable to do so. Thus rate of excretion of
such drugs are parallels to gfr (or Creatinine clearance). So a highly
ionized drug mainly excreted by kidney.
While lipid soluble drugs can cross cell membrane directly. So these drugs
can cross the placental barrier easily, and well absorbed from intestine.
Lastly lipid soluble drugs accumulate in the lipid tissues.
Q.119 The amino acid residue having an imino side chain is:
1 Lysine.
2 Histidine.
3 Tyrosine.
4 Proline.
Answer is 4
MBB4TH/21
Lippincott illustrated biochemistry PG-4
Proline is the A.A. that has an imino side chain. Proline is a secondary
amine whose presence in a protein disrupts normal secondary structure.
Proline contains a secondary amine group, called an imine, instead of
a primary amine group. For this reason, proline is called an imino acid.
This compound has a rotationally constrained rigid-ring structure. As
a result, prolyl residues in a polypeptide introduce restrictions on the
folding of chains. In collagen, the principal protein of human connective
tissue, certain prolyl residues are hydroxylated. The hydroxylation occurs
during protein synthesis and requires ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a cofactor.
Q.120 CO2 is primarily transported in the arterial blood as:
1 Dissolved CO2.
2 Carbonic acid.
3 Carbamino-hemoglobin.
4 Bicarbonate.
Answer is 4
Ganong Physiology 20th ed./648
-There is 49 ml of CO2 in each deciliter of arterial blood.
-2.6 ml is dissolved.
-2.6 ml as Carbamino compound
-43.8 ml is as in HCO-3
So CO2 is primarily transported in the arterial blood as Bicarbonate.
Q.121 ‘Endemic Disease’ means that a disease:
1 Occurs clearly in excess of normal expectancy.
2 Is constantly present in a given population group.
3 Exhibits seasonal pattern.
4 Is prevalent among animals.
Answer is 2
K PARK - P.S.M 17th ed/82.
|
Endemic
disease |
Constant
presence of a disease or infection with in a given geographic area
or population group, without importation from outside.
|
|
Epidemic |
Disease
occurs clearly in excess of normal expectancy is called |
|
Pandemic |
Epidemic
affecting a large population or crossing the boundaries of nations |
Q.122 Which one of the following is a good index of the severity of an acute
disease?
1 Cause specific death rate.
2 Case fatality rate.
3 Standardized mortality ratio.
4 Five year survival
Answer is 2
K PARK - PSM 17th ed/49 (repeat)
Case fatality rate represents the killing power of a disease. It is simply
the ratio of deaths to cases. So It is a ratio not the true rate. Case fatality
rate is closely related to virulence.
Total
No. Of death d/t a particular disease
X 100 =C.F.R
Total No. Of cases d/t the same disease
Q123 Which one of the following statements about influence of smoking on
risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is not true?
1 Influence of smoking is independent of other risk factors for CHD
2 Influence of smoking is only additive to other risk factors for CHD
3 Influence of smoking is synergistic to other risk factors for CHD
4 Influence of smoking is directly related to number of cigarettes smoked
per day.
Answer is 2 K PARK PSM 17th ed/275
-The degree of risk of developing CHO is directly related to the number
of cigarettes smoked per day.
-Cigarettes Filters are probably not protective.
-There is evidence that the influence of smoking is not only independent
of, but also synergistic with other risk factors such as HTN and elevated
serum cholesterol. So choice 2 is wrong.
Q.124 Antibiotic treatment of choice for treating cholera in an adult is
a single dose of:
1 Tetracycline.
2 Co-trimoxazole.
3 Doxycycline.
4 Furazolidone.
Answer is 3 K. Park P.S.M. 17th
ed./173.Table 9.124
Antibiotics used in the treatment of cholera
Antibiotics
Children
Adults
Doxycycline once
-
300 mg
Tetracycline
12.5 mg/kg
500 mg
4 times a day for 3 days
Trimethroprim (TMP) TMP
5 mg/kg and
TMP 160 mg
sulfamethoxazole (SMX) SMX 25 mg/kg
SMX 800 mg
twice a day for 3 days
1) Erythromycin and chloramphenicol may also be used when none of the other
recommended
antibiotics are available, or when Vibrio Cholerae 01 is resistant to the
latter.
2) Doxycycline is the antibiotic of choice for adults (excepting pregnant
women), since a single dose suffices.
3) TMP-SMX is the antibiotic of choice for children. Tetracycline is equally
effective, but is not available everywhere in paediatric form.
4) Furazolidone is the antibiotic of choice for pregnant women.
Q.125 All of the following statements are true about Congenital Rubella
except:
1 It is diagnosed when the infant has IgM antibodies at birth.
2 It is diagnosed when IgG antibodies persist for more than 6 months.
3 Most common congenital defects are deafness, cardiac malformations and
cataract.
4 Infection after 16 weeks of gestation results in major congenital defects.
Answer is 4
K PARK PSM 17th ed/122
- The first trimester of pregnancy is the most disastrous time for the foetus
as the organs are developing.
- Classical triad is patent ductus arteriosus, cataract and deafness
- Infection in 2nd trimester may cause deafness, but those infected after
16 weeks suffer no major abnormalities.
- Congenital rubella is diagnosed by the isolation of rubella virus and/or
the detection of Ig M
antibodies in a single serum sample, and/or the documentation of either
the persistence of
rubella antibodies in serum beyond 1 year of age/more than 6 month or a
rising antibody titer anytime during infancy in an unvaccinated child
Q.126 The recommended daily energy intake of an adult woman with heavy work
is:
1 1800.
2 2100.
3 2300.
4 2900.
Answer is 4
K PARK PSM 17th ed/432
Q.127 All of the following methods are antilarval measures except:
1 Intermittent irrigation.
2 Paris green.
3 Gambusia affinis.
4 Malathion.
Answer is 4
K PARK PSM 17th ed/546-547
- Anti-larval measure
a) Environmental control - Source reduction by intermittent irrigation,
Filling and drainage.
These methods generally produce permanent results.
b) Chemical control - commonly used larvicides are
1) Mineral oils
2) Paris green (Copper acetoarsenite)
3) Synthetic insecticides
Fenthion, chlorpyrifos and abate are the most effective larvicides.
(malathion is not much effective,c) Biological control - Gambusia affinis
Lebister reticulates(Barbados millions)So probable answer is malathion.
Q.128 All of the following are true about the Herd Immunity for infectious
diseases except:
1 It refers to group protection beyond what is afforded by the protection
of immunized
individuals.
2 It is likely to be more for infections that do not have a sub-clinical
phase.
3 It is affected by the presence and distribution of alternative animal
hosts.
4 In the case of tetanus it does not protect the individual.
Answer is 2 K PARK PSM 17th ed/90
Elements, which contribute the herd immunity, are
1) Occurrence of clinical and subclinical infection in herd
2) Immunisation of herd
3) Herd structure.
Herd structure is never constant; it is affected by the presence and distribution
of alternative animal hosts.
- In the case of Tetanus, however herd immunity does not protect the individual.
- Herd immunity implies group protection beyond that afforded by the protection
of immunized in dividuals.
So only choice is left (2) that is the answer because Herd immunity will
be less for infections that do not have a sub clinical phase.
Q.129 The best indicator for monitoring the impact of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders control programme is:
1 Prevalence of goiter among school children.
2 Urinary iodine levels among pregnant women.
3 Neonatal Hypothyroidism.
4 Iodine level in soil.
Answer is 3
K PARK PSM 17th ed/440
Iodine monitoring
Countries implementing control programmes require a network of laboratories
for iodine monitoring and surveillance. These laboratories are essential
for a) iodine excretion determination b) determination of iodine in water,
soil and food as part of epidemiological studies, and c) determination of
iodine in salt for quality control.
Neonatal hypothyroidism is a sensitive pointer to environmental iodine deficiency
and can thus be an effective indicator for monitoring the impact of a programme.
Q.130 What is the color-coding of bag in hospitals to dispose off human
anatomical wastes such as body parts?
1 Yellow.
2 Black.
3 Red.
4 Blue.
Answer is 1
K PARK PSM 17th ed/567
Schedule I see table 14.1
Schedule II see table 14.2
Q.131 WHO defines adolescent age between:
1 10-19 years of age
2 10-14 years of age
3 10-25 years of age
4 9-14 years of age
Answer is 1 K. Park P.S.M 17th
ed/99
O. P. Ghai essential of pediatric
WHO EPI Schedule -
- The adolescent age group 10-19 year represents an important additional
target group for immunization.
Q.132 In a village having population of 1000, we found patients with certain
disease. The results of as new diagnostic test on that disease are as follows.
|
Test result |
Disease |
|
Present |
Absent |
|
+ |
180 |
400 |
|
- |
20 |
400 |
What is the percent prevalence of disease?
1. 0.20.
2. 2.
3. 18.
4. 20.
Answer is 4
- Population is 1000.
- Total no. Have diseased. Person ®
180 + 20 =200
- So prevalence is 200 per 1000 of population
But % prevalence is 200
x 100
1000
= 20%
Q.133 The following tests are used to check the efficiency of pasteurization
of milk except:
1 Phosphatase test.
2 Standard plate count.
3 Coliform count.
4 Methylene blue reduction test.
Answer is 4 K PARK PSM 17th ed/450
Tests of pasteurized milk are –
1) Phosphatase test
2) Standard plate count
3) Coliform count
Most of countries in the west enforce a limit of 30000 bacterial count per
ml of pasteurized milk. The standard in most countries is that Coliforms
be absent in 1 ml of milk. Presence of
Coliform in pasteurized milk is an indication either of improper pasteurization
or post
pasteurization contamination.
Q.134 What will be the BMI of a male whose weight is 89 kg and height is
172 cm:
1 27.
2 30.
3 33.
4 36.
Answer is 2
K PARK PSM 17th ed/229
(1) Body mass index (Quetelet’s index) = Weight (kg)/Height
(m)
89/1.72 x 1.72 =30
(2) Broca index
= Height (cm) minus 100
For example, if a person’s height is 160 cm.
his ideal weight is (160-100) = 60 kg
The body mass index (BMI) and the Broca index are widely used.
Skinfold thickness, it is a rapid and “non-invasive” method for assessing
body fat. Several varieties of calipers (e.g. Harpenden skin calipers) are
available for the purpose. The measurement may be taken at all the four
sites - mid-triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac regions. The sum
of the measurements should be less than 40 mm in boys and 50 mm in girls.
Q.135 The most common side effect of IUD insertion is:
1 Bleeding.
2 Pain.
3 Pelvic infection.
4 Ectopic pregnancy.
Answer is 1 K PARK PSM 17th ed/342
SIDE-EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS
1. BleedingThe commonest complaint of women fitted with an IUD (inert or
medicated) is increased vaginal bleeding.
• Pain is second major side effect, leading to IUD removal. It is most common
side effect which increases the removal rate.
Other complications -
1) PID 2) ectopic pregnancy 3) uterine perforation.
• The pain due to IUCD is usually disappear by the third month.
• The risk of PID is highest in first few months after IUD insertion.
• Perforation d/t IUCD occur more frequently when insertions are performed
between 48 hr and 6 weeks post partum.
• IUCD is post coital contraceptive of choice.
• Highest risk of ectopic pregnancy seen with progestasert.
Q.136 For the treatment of case of class III dog bite, all of the following
are correct except:
1 Give Immunoglobulins for passive immunity.
2 Give ARV.
3 Immediately stitch wound under antibiotic coverage.
4 Immediately wash wound with soap and water.
Answer is 3
K PARK PSM 17th ed/210
Combined administration of a single dose of antirabies serum with a course
of vaccine, together with local treatment of the wound is the best specific
prophylactic treatment after exposure of man to rabies.
Purpose of local treatment is to remove as much virus as possible from the
site of inoculation before it can be absorbed on nerve endings. Local treatment
of wounds is of maximal value when
applied immediately after exposure (within minutes if possible) but it should
not be neglected if several hours or days have elapsed.
Immediate flushing and washing the wound preferably under a running tap,
for atleast 5 minutes is of paramount importance in the prevention of human
rabies.
Residual virus remains in the wound (s), after cleansing, should be inactivated
by irrigation with virucidal agents - either alcohol (400-700 ml/litre),
tincture or 0.01% aqueous solution of iodine or povidone iodine. Quaternary
ammonium compounds (e.g. savlon, cetavlon) are no longer recommended (3,7).
Cauterization with carbolic acid or nitric acid is no longer recommended
as it leaves very bad scars.
Bite wounds should not be immediately sutured to prevent additional trauma
which may help spread the virus in to deeper tissues. If suturing is necessary,
it should be done 24-48 hours later.
Q.137 A 2-year-old female child was brought to a PHC with a history of cough
and fever for 4 days with inability to drink for last 12 hours. On examination,
the child was having weight of 5 kg and respiratory rate of 45/minute with
fever. The child will be classified as suffering from:
1 Very severe disease.
2 Severe Pneumonia.
3 Pneumonia.
4 No Pneumonia.
Answer is 3
K PARK PSM 17th ed/137
Management of pneumonia in a child aged 2
months upto 5 years
|
SIGNS |
Chest indrawing (if also recurrent wheezing,
go directly to treat wheezing |
No chest indrawing but fast breathing
(50 per minute or more if child 2 months -upto 12 months,
40 per minute or more if child 12 months upto 5 years |
No chest indrawing Nofastbreathing (Less than
50 per minute if child 2 months upto 5 years). |
|
CLASSIFY AS |
SEVERE PNEUMONIA |
PNEUMONIA |
NO PNEUMONIA COUGH OR COLD |
The child in the question is 2 year old. So he/she will not be classified
as per classification of young infant. He will be classified as per classification
of pneumonia for child aged 2 months upto 5 yrs
Q.138 The information technology has revolutionized the world of medical
sciences. In which of the following year the information Technology Act
was passed by the Government of India?
1 1998
2 2000.
3 2001.
4 2003.
Answer is 2
Information Technology Act, 2000(NO. 21 OF 2000) (9TH OF JUNE, 2000)
Q.139 Transplantation of Human Organs Act was passed by Government of India
in;
1 1996.
2 1993.
3 1998.
4 1994.
Answer is 4
WWW. Indianlawinfo.com
Q.140 Which one of the following is not source of manager’s power.
1 Reward.
2 Coercive
3 Legitimate.
4 Efferent.
Answer is 4
Q.141 The standard normal distribution:
1 Is skewed to the left.
2 Has mean=1.0
3 Has standard deviation=0.0
4 Has variance=1.0.
Answer is 3
K PARK PSM 17th ed/613
- Standard normal curve is smooth, bell shaped, perfectly symmetrical curve,
based on a infinitely large number of serration.
- The total area of the curve is 1; its mean is zero; and its standard deviation
is 1.
- The mean, median and mode all coincide according to High yield statistics.
Variance = (S.D.)2
So if S.D. is 1 than variance will also be 1
Thus the answer is 4.
Q.142 The PEFR of a group of 11 year old girls follow a normal distribution
with mean 300 1/min and standard deviation 20 l/min.
1 About 95% of the girls have PEFR between 260 and 340 l/min.
2 The girls have healthy lungs.
3 About 5% of girls have PEFR below 260 l/min.
4 All the PEFR must be less than 340 l/min.
Answer is 1
K PARK PSM 17th ed/613
- Area between one S.O on either side of mean (x- ? 16) will include approximately
68% of the value in the distribution.
- 2 S.D. = 95% of the value
- 3 S.D. - 99.7% of the value
In the question -
(x-) - Mean 300 L/min
S.D. = 20 L/min
1. S.D. =
20
2. SD. = 40
So 68% of the group will be in the range of (x- ? 20).
300?20 - 280 to 320 about 95% of the girls will have PEFR in between (x
? 40) - 300 ? 40= 260 to 340 L/min
So 5% of girls will have PEFR below either 260 L/min or above 340 L/min
(2.5% below 260 and 2.5% above 340)
- Choice 2 & 4 are totally wrong.
Q.143 The events A and B are mutually exclusive, so:
1 Prob (A or B) = Prob (A) + Prob (B).
2 Prob (A and B) = Prob (A), Prob (B).
3 Prob (A) = Prob (B).
4 Prob (A + Prob (B) = 1.
Answer is
Q.144 Total Cholesterol level = a+b (calorie intake) + c (physical activity)
+d (body mass index); is an example of:
1 Simple linear regression.
2 Simple curvilinear regression
3 Multiple linear regression.
4 Multiple logistic regression.
Answer is
Q.145The Hb level in healthy women has mean 13.5 g/dl and standard deviation
1.5 g/dl, what is the Z score for a woman with Hb level 15.0 g/dl.
1 9.0.
2 10.0.
3 2.0.
4 1.0.
Answer is 2
K PARK PSM 17th ed/613
Z = (X - X)
s{
X - Single value of a object = 15 g/dl
X- = Mean = 13.5 g/dl
s{
= Standard deviation = 1.5 g/dL
So Z =15 - 13.5 /1.5 =1.5/ 1.5 = 1
Answer - is (4).
Q.146 The diagnostic power of a test to correctly exclude the disease is
reflected by:
1 Sensitivity.
2 Specificity.
3 Positive predictivity.
4 Negative predictivity.
Answer is 4
Q.147 Infant mortality does not include:
1 Early neonatal mortality.
2 Perinatal mortality.
3 Post neonatal mortality
4 Late neonatal mortality.
Answer is 2
K PARK PSM 17th ed/392
Number of deaths of children
Less than 1 year of age in a year
IMR = -------------------- ------------x 100
Number of live births in the same year
PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
As currently defined, the term “perinatal mortality” includes both late
foetal deaths
(stillbirths) and early neonatal deaths. The Eighth Revision of the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD) defined the “perinatal period” as lasting
from the 28th week of gestation to the seventh day after birth. The Ninth
Revision (1975) of ICD added that:
well established vital records of stillbirths is as follows:
Late foetal deaths (28 weeks gestation and more)
+ early neonatal deaths (first week) in one year
PMR =---------------------------------------------------x 1000
Live births in the same year
For international comparisons, “Late foetal and early neonatal deaths weighing
over 1000g at birth expressed as a ratio per 1000 live births weighing over
1000g at birth”. It is calculated as:
Late foetal and early neonatal
deaths weighing over 1000g at birth
Perinatal
mortality =-----------------------------------------x 1000
rate Total live births weighing over 1000g
at birth.
Q.148 A cardiologist found a highly significant correlation coefficient
(r = 0.90, p=0.01)
between the systolic blood pressure values and serum cholesterol values
of the patients attending
his clinic. Which of the following statements is a wrong interpretation
of the correlation
coefficient observed?
1 Since there is a high correlation, the magnitudes of both the measurements
are likely to be close to each other.
2 A patient with a high level of systolic BP is also likely to have a high
level of serum
cholesterol.
3 A patient with a low level of systolic BP is also likely to have a low
level of serum
cholesterol.
4 About 80% of the variation in systolic blood pressure among his patients
can be explained by their serum cholesterol values and vice a versa
Q.149 All of the following drugs are effective in the treatment of pityriasis
versicolor except:
1 Selenium sulphide.
2 Ketoconazole.
3 Griseofulvin.
4 Clotrimazole.
Answer is 3
Harrison’s Internal Medicine 15th Ed
TREAETMENT
Solutions containing sulfur, salicylic acid, or selenium sulfide will clear
the infection if
used daily for a week and then intermittently thereafter. Treatment with
a single 400-mg dose of ketaconazole (other azoles) is also effective. Ketoconazole
is used for systemic treatment and
Selinium miconazole and clotrimazole for local application.
Griseofulvin is the drug of choice for dermatophyte infections requiring
systemic therapy. BUT IT IS NOT EFFECTIVE IN TINEA VERSICOLOR TINEA
VERSICOLOR
Caused by a non-dermatophyte dimorphic fungus
A normal inhabitant of the skin
Yeast form Pityrosporum orbiculare does not leads the disease
Hyphal form causes characteristic lesions of disease
The typical lesions consist of oval scaly macules, papules, and patches
concentrated on the chest, shoulders, and back but only rarely on the face
or distal extremities.
On dark skin, they often appear as hypo pigmented areas,
Hypo pigmentation is d/t azelic acid
Disease rare in children.
A KOH preparation from scaling lesions will demonstrate a confluence of
short hyphae and round spores (so-called spaghetti and meatballs).
- Pityriasis Alba can be differentiated by more common involvement of face
and children.
- Indeterminate leprosy can be differentiated by absence of scaling, presence
of
anaesthesia (if present) and epidural atrophy and patient belonging to high
leprosy prevalence state.
Q.150 A 36-year-old factory worker developed itchy, annular scaly plaques
in both groins.
Application of a corticosteroid ointment led to temporary relief but the
plaques continued to extend at the periphery. The most likely diagnosis
is:
1 Erythema annulare centrifugum.
2 Granuloma annulare.
3 Annular lichen planus.
4 Tinea cruris.
Answer is 4
Harrison’s Internal Medicine 15th Ed
When Tinea is wrongly treated with steroid, lesions get more profuse and
itching is less. It is called Tinea incognito. While corticosteroid is used
in treatment of all three condition except tinea.
Q.151 A 16-year-old boy presented with asymptomatic, multiple, erythematous,
annular lesions with a collarettes of scales at the periphery of the lesions
present on the trunk. The most likely diagnosis is:
1 Pityriasis versicolor.
2 Pityriasis alba.
3 Pityriasis rosea.
4 Pityriasis rubra pilaris.
Answer is 3
Harrison’s Internal Medicine 15th Ed
PITYRIASIS ROSEA
Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a papulosquamous eruption of unknown etiology that
occurs more commonly in the spring and fall. Its first manifestation is
the development of a 2- to 6-cm annular lesion (the herald patch). This
is followed in a few days to a few weeks by the appearance of many smaller
annular or papular lesions with a predilection to occur on the trunk. The
lesions are generally oval, with their long axis parallel to the skin-fold
lines. Individual lesions may range in color from red to brown and have
a trailing scale.
PR shares many clinical features with the eruption of secondary syphilis,
but palm and sole lesions are extremely rare in PR and common in secondary
syphilis.
Treatment is generally directed at alleviating pruritus and consists of
oral antihistamines, midpotency topical glucocorticoids, and, in some cases,
the use of UV-B phototherapy.
|
P. Versicolour |
Predominant trunk
involvement with brown, scaly macules |
|
P. Rosea |
Predominant trunk
involvement with erythematous annular lesions with peripheral fine
bran like scales |
|
P. Rubra Pilaris |
There is predominant
face and scalp involvement with late involvement of whole body
- Orangey hue erythema
- Thickened Palms with yellowish discoloration
- Follicular eruption. |
Q.152 The only definite indication for giving systemic Corticosteroids in
pustular psoriasis is:
1 Psoriatic erythroderma with pregnancy.
2 Psoriasis in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis.
3 Moderate arthritis.
4 Extensive lesions.
Answer is 1
Rook/Wilkinson/EBLING, Textbook of dermatology 6th edition /1631,1643
Role of systemic steroid in Psoriasis -
Systemic steroid should not be used in the routine care of Psoriasis. They
do have role in the
management of persistent, otherwise uncontrollable, erythroderma, which
is causing metabolic
complication and in fulminating generalized pustular psoriasis of the von
Zumbusch type if other drugs are contraindicated.
- Generalized Pustular Psoriasis of pregnancy (Impetigo herpetiformis)
Fulminating disease in pregnancy is best treated with IV Prednisolone, the
drug which carries the least hazard for the fetus.
- Methotrexate, retinoids, PUVA or combination therapy may be needed after
delivery to allow weaning off the steroid.
Q.153 A 40-year-old woman presents with a 2-year history of erythematous
papulopustular lesions on the convexities of the face. There is a background
of erythema and telangiectasia. The most likely diagnosis in the patient
is:
1 Acne vulgaris.
2 Rossacea.
3 Systemic lupus erythematosus.
4 Polymorphic light eruption.
Answer is 2
Harrison’s Internal Medicine 15th Ed
ACNE ROSACEA
Individuals with rosacea initially demonstrate a pronounced flushing reaction.
This may be in response to heat, emotional stimuli, alcohol, hot drinks,
or spicy foods. As the disease progresses, the flush persists longer and
longer and may eventually become permanent. Papules, pustules, and telangiectases
can become superimposed on the persistent flush. Rosacea of very long standing
may lead to connective tissue overgrowth, particularly of the nose (rhinophyma).
Ocular problems are potentially sight threatening and warrant ophthalmologic
evaluation.
It is treated effectively with oral tetracycline in doses ranging from 250
to 1000 mg/d. Topical
metronidazole or sodium sulfacetamide has also been shown to be effective.
The use of
low-potency, nonfluorinated topical glucocorticoids, particularly after
cool soaks, is helpful in alleviating facial erythema.
NOTE-Fluorinated topical glucocorticoids should be avoided since chronic
use of these preparations may actually elicit rosacea.
ACNE VULGARIS
The clinical hallmark of acne vulgaris is the comedone, which may be closed
(whitehead) or open
(blackhead). Closed comedones appear as 1- to 2-mm pebbly white papules,
which are accentuated
when the skin is stretched. They are the precursors of inflammatory lesions
of acne vulgaris.
Q.154 An 8-year-old boy from Bihar presents with a 6 months history of an
illdefined, hypopigmented slightly atrophic macule on the face. The most
likely diagnosis is:
1 Pityriasis alba.
2 Indeterminate leprosy.
3 Morphoca.
4 Calcium deficiency.
Answer is
- Pityriasis Alba can be differentiated by more common involvement of face
and children .
- Indeterminate leprosy can be differentiated by absence of scaling, presence
of anaesthesia (if
present) and epidural atrophy and patient belonging to high leprosy prevalence
state.
Q.155 A 27-year old sexually active male develops a vesiculobullous lesion
on the glans soon after taking tablet paracetamol for fever. The lesion
healed with hyperpigmentation. The most likely diagnosis is:
1 Behcet’s syndrome.
2 Herpes genitalis.
3 Fixed drug eruption.
4 Pemphigus vulgaris.
Answer is 3
Harrison’s Internal Medicine 15th Ed/
FIXED DRUG REACTIONS
These reactions are characterized by one or more sharply demarcated, erythematous
lesions in
which hyperpigmentation results after resolution of the acute inflammation;
with rechallenge, the lesion recurs in the same (i.e., "fixed")
location. Lesions often involve the lips, hands, legs, face, genitalia,
and oral mucosa and cause burning. Most patients have multiple lesions.
Patch
testing is useful to establish the etiology. Fixed drug eruptions have been
associated with phenolphthalein, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, phenylbutazone,
NSAIDs, and barbiturates. Although cross-sensitivity appears to occur between
different tetracycline compounds, cross-sensitivity was not elicited when
different sulfonamide compounds were administered to patients as part of
provocation testing.
BEHCET'S SYNDROME -is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by recurrent
episodes of oral and genital ulcers, iritis, and cutaneous lesions
Q.156 In a firearm injury, there is burning, blackening, toattooing around
the wound, along with cherry red colour of the surrounding tissues and is
cruciate in shape, the injury is:
1 Close shot entry.
2 Close contact exit.
3 Contact shot entry.
4 Distant shot entry.
Answer is 3
Parikh 1996 edi/p-280,Modi 22nd ed./354,Reddy 2000ed/181,`83,185
Contact wound make - cruciform entrance wound, may be larger than exist.
Flame/burning/scorching are produced by- Revolvers/pistols when they are
generally within range of about 2-3inch.
If a firearm is discharged very close or in actual contact, the subcutaneous
tissue over an area of 20f 3 inches round the wound of entrance are lacerated
and the surrounding skin is usually scorched and blackened by smoke and
tattooed with unburnt grains of gun power or smokeless propellant powder.
Hence answer is contact shot entry (3).
Q.157 In methyl alcohol poisoning there is CNS depression, cardiac depression
and optic nerve atrophy. These effects are produced due to:
1 Formaldehyde and formic acid
2 Acetaldehyde.
3 Pyridine.
4 Acetic acid.
Answer is 1
Modi 22nd ed/320 of Toxicology (Section II)
SYMPTOMS OF METHYL ALCOHOL POISONING
Dilated pupil, visual disturbances, photophobia, concentric deminution of
visual fields for colour and form, followed by partial or total blindness
due to retrobulbar neuritis resulting from a specific toxic effect of formaldehyde
on retinal cells.
Hence answer is (1).
Q.158 In chronic arsenic poisoning the following samples can be sent for
laboratory examination, except:
1 Nail clippings.
2 Hair samples.
3 Bone biopsy.
4 Blood sample.
Answer is 4
Modi toxicology Section II 22nd ed./126,129.Reddy 2000ed Toxicology
Deposition of arsenic in chronic arsenic poisoning –
• Greatest concentration found in hairs and nails where it is stored permanently.
• Its deposition in hairs begins in 15 days after administration.
• Arsenic also found in human tissues. In which the liver contain largest
amount. Bones and teeth come next. The amount found in blood is negligible.
• In chronic poisoning arsenic is also found in brain, spinal cord. In fatal
results, occurring from salvarsan poisoning, it is interesting to note that
arsenic is not found in the brain or nervous tissue.
Hence answer is blood (4).
Q.159 Which of the following statements is not correct regarding diatom?
1 Diatoms are aquatic unicellular plant.
2 Diatoms has an extracellular cost composed of magnesium.
3 Acid digestion technique is used to extract diatoms.
4 Presence of diatoms in the femoral bone marrow is an indication of antemortem
inhalation of water.
Answer is 2
Modi 22nd edition Section I/289,290.Parikh 1996 ed/217-218
DIATOM TEST
• Finding of diatoms by microscopic examination of tissue like brain, liver
or bone marrow from
the femur or humerus after acid digestion is ihelpful in confirming death
from drowning.
• Diatoms are tiny unicellular algae (aquatic plant).
• They may be fan shaped (Stellate), ribbon like and seen singly or in groups.
• They have hard siliceous (not magnesium), almost indestructible outer
covering (frustules).
• A diatom shows chromatophobes before acid digestion.
• Acid digestion done with strong nitric oxide and heating it till a clear
fluid is obtained.
• Since diatoms resist putrefaction, the diatom test is particularly valuable
where decomposition is advanced.
• Diatom test is negative in dead bodies thrown in water and in dry drowning.
Answer is - (2).
Q.160 In India, magistrate inquest is done in the following cases except:
1 Exhumation cases.
2 Dowry deaths within 5 years of marriage.
3 Murder cases
4 Death of a person in police custody.
Answer is 3
Parikh 1996 ed./386, 10).Reddy 2000ed/5
- MAGISTRATE’S INQUEST -
1) Admission of a mentally ill person in a Psychiatric hospital or a Psychiatric
nursing home under certain provision of the mental health act, 1987.
2) Death of a convict in jail.
3) Death of a person in police custody or during police interrogation or
as a result of police firing.
4) Exhumation cases.
Dowry death under section 176 (1) (Cr PC) Provides inquest by executive
magistrate and section
174 (3) (Cr PC) provides as follow: when
1) Case involves suicide by a woman within seven years of her marriage.
2) The case relates to the death of a woman within 7 years of her marriage
in any circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion.
3) The cases relate to the death of a woman within 7 years of her marriage
and any relative of the woman has made a request in this behalf, the police
officer will forward the body for autopsy to the nearest M.O.
Hence answer is (3).
Q.161 At autopsy, the cyanide poisoning case will sow the following features,
except:
1 Characteristic bitter lemon smell.
2 Congested organs.
3 The skin may be pinkish or cherry red in color.
4 Erosion and hemorrhages in esophagus and stomach.
Answer is 1
Modi toxicology section II 22nd ed./470, 471, 473.Reddy 2000ed/530
HYDROCYANIC POISONING -
• It occurs in combination with leaves of cherry laurel, in bitter almonds,
in the Kernels of
common cherry, plum, apricot, peach and other stone fruits, the ordinary
bamboo shoots, and in certain oil seeds.
• These plants contain crystalline glucoside, K/A amygdalin, which in the
presence of water and natural enzyme emulsion - hydrolysed in HCN + glucose
and benzolhyde.
• First symptom is bitter almond odour of HCN (Not bitter lemon).
• KCN have strong alkaline effect and ihas a corrosive effect on mucous
membrane.
• Post mortem staining of bright cherry red color due to cyanmethaemoglobin.
• Mucous membrane of stomach and duodenum is often red and congested.
Hence answer (1).
Q.162 The most reliable criteria in Gustafson’s method of identification
is:
1 Cementum apposition.
2 Transparency of root.
3 Attrition.
4 Root resorption.
Answer is 2
APURBA NANDY 1996 edition/P-63. Reddy 2000ed/58
ESTIMATION OF AGE FROM TEETH IN ELDERLY SUBJECTS:
®Done
by Gustafson’s formula (based on ageing and decaying changes in teeth).
® There are
6 criteria’s
Attrition
Secondary dentine
Cementum apposition
Periodontosis
Root resorption
Transparency of root
® Only
attrition and Periodontosis can be used in living subjects because for examination
of other changes, teeth have to be extracted out of their sockets.
®
Of all above the criteria, transparency of root done is the single most
important one.
®
Rating of cementum apposition is most difficult to assess.
Important question have been asked frequently about teeth
|
Years |
Total No. Of teeth |
|
2-5 yr |
20 |
|
At 6 yr |
21-24 due to eruption
of first permanent molars |
|
7-12 yr |
Remains 24 |
|
12-14 yr |
25-28 due to eruption
of 2nd permanent molars. |
|
14-17 yr |
Remains 28 |
|
17-25 yr |
29-32 due to eruption
of 3rd permanent molars |
Q.163 The minimum age at which an individual is responsible for his
criminal act is:
1 7 years
2 12 years
3 16 years
4 21 years
Answer is 1
Parikh 1996 edi/47.Reddy 2000ed/60
• Under section 82 IPC, a child under the age of seven is incapable of
committing an offence.
This is because that a child of that tender age cannot have a guilty mind
or criminal intention with which the act is done.
• Under Section 83 IPC, a child > 7 yr and, < 12 yr in India is
presumed to be capable of committing an offence if he has obtained sufficient
maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of his
conduct on that occasion. The law presumes such maturity in a child of
that age unless the contrary is proved by the defence.
• Under section 89 IPC - A child < 12 yr cannot give valid consent
to suffer any harm which can occur from an act done in good faith and
for its benefits eg. consent for an operation.
• Under section 87 IPC ? A person <18 yr cannot give valid consent,
wheather express or implied, to suffer any harm which may result from
an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt, eg.
consent for a wrestling contest.
Answer is (1).
Q.164 The most reliable method of identification of an individual is:
1 Dactylography.
2 Scars.
3 Anthropometry.
4 Handwriting.
Answer is 1
Parikh 1996 ed./53.Reddy 2000ed/70
Dactylography depends on ridges and groves, over fingers and thumbs it
makes absoluteidentification possible.
Answer is (1).
Q.165 The most common pattern of fingerprint is:
1 Arch.
2 Loop.
3 Whorl.
4 Composite.
Answer is 2
Parikh 1996 ed/53.Reddy 2000ed/70
Loops 67%,
Whorls - 25%,
Arches - 6-7%, and
Composites 1-2%
Answer is (2).
Q.166 A 30 years old male patient presents with complaints of weakness
in right upper and both lower limbs for last 4 months. He developed digital
infarcts involving 2nd and 3rd fingers on right side and 5th finger on
left side. On examination, BP was 160/140 mm Hg, all peripheral pulses
were palpable and there was asymmetrical neuropathy. Investigations showed
a Hb-12 gm, TLC - 12000 Cu mm, Platelets 4,30,000, ESR - 49mm. Urine examination
showed proteinuria and RBC - 10-15/hpf with no casts. Which of the following
is the most likely diagnosis.
1 Polyarteritis nodosa.
2 Systemic lupus erythematosus.
3 Wegener’s granulomatosis.
4 Mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Answer is 1
H15TH/1592,1966
Q.167 Which of the following infestation leads to malabsorption?
1 Giardia lamblia.
2 Ascaris lumbricoides.
3 Necater Americana.
4 Ancylostoma duodenale.
Answer is 1
H15TH/1678
Giardia remains a pathogen of the proximal small bowel and does not disseminate
hematogenously. Giardia infections are common in both developed and developing
countries. Because cysts are, person-to-person transmission occurs where
fecal hygiene is poor. Although trophozoites adhere to the epithelium,
they do not cause invasive or locally destructive alterations. The lactose
intolerance and significant malabsorption that develop in a minority of
infected adults and children. In a few cases usually in chronically infected,
symptomatic patients the histopathologic findings (including flattened
villi) and the clinical manifestations resemble those of tropical sprue
and gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Disease manifestations of Giardiasis
range from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant diarrhea and malabsorption.
However, disease can be severe, resulting in malabsorption, weight loss,
growth
retardation, dehydration, and (in rare cases) death
PEARL POINTS
Giardiasis can be life threatening in patients with HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
Metronidazole is DOC
Q.168 All of the following can cause osteoporosis, except.
1 Hyperparathyroidism.
2 Steroid use.
3 Fluorosis.
4 Thyrotoxicosis.
Answer is 3
H15TH/2229
Hyperparathyroidism leads to increased bone resorption so leading to the
osteoporosis.
Glucocorticoids are a common cause of medication-induced osteoporosis
Excessive thyroid hormone can accelerate bone remodeling and result in
bone loss and leads to osteoporosis.
Fluorosis leads to increased bone density so how it can lead to the osteoporosis.
Q.169 Serum angiotensin converting enzyme may be raised in all of following,
except:
1 Sarcoidosis.
2 Silicosis.
3 Berylliosis
4 Bronchogenic carcinoma.
Answer is 4
Oxford Medicine 3rd Ed vol. – 2, Pg -2832
Consistently elevated serum ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) levels
are appreciably higher found in
|
Pulmonary condition |
Non pulmonary condition |
|
Sarcoidosis
Gaucher’s
Silicosis
Berylliosis
Atypical mycobacterium infection |
Alcoholic liver disease
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus |
-Serial serum ACE measurements can be helpful in monitoring disease
activity as its correlate with chest radiograph and clinical condition.
Q.170 Hypercalcemia associated with malignancy is most often mediated by:
1 Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
2 Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP).
3 Interleukin - 6 (IL-6)
4 Calcitonin.
Answer is 2
H15TH/646
Parathormone-related protein (PTHrP) produced by tumors has a central role
as a mediator of hypercalcemia in cancer. PTHrP acts via the PTH hormone
receptors on osteoblasts and renal tubular cells to stimulate bone resorption
and renal calcium conservation.
Elevated plasma PTHrP levels are also found in most hypercalcemic patients
with bone
metastases. Transforming growth factors, cytokines (interleukin 1 and 6),
and other unknown factors could play a contributory role.
In lymphoma, a vitamin D-related product of the tumor may also increase
calcium
absorption in the gut.
Q.171 All of the following are the causes of relative Polycythemia except:
1 Dehydration.
2 Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
3 Gaisbock syndrome.
4 High altitude.
Answer is 4
H15TH/353
Polycythemia can be of three types
|
1 Spurious (related
to a decrease in plasma volume) |
Gaisbock's syndrome
Dehydration leads to decreased plasma volume
Dengue- increased vascular permeability to
Water leads to decreased plasma volume |
|
2 Primary, |
Polycythemia Vera |
|
3 Secondary ®(Associated
with increases in EPO levels. physiologically adapted response to
tissue hypoxia |
Lung disease
High
altitude
CO poisoning
High-affinity hemoglobinopathy |
A rare familial form of Polycythemia is associated with normal EPO
levels but mutations producing hyper responsive EPO receptors.
Q.172 All of the following may cause ST segment elevation on EKG, except:
1 Early repolarization variant.
2 Constrictive pericarditis.
3 Ventricular aneurysm.
4 Prinzmetal’s angina.
Answer is 2
H15TH/1268,1367
Reversible transmural ischemia, for example, due to coronary vasospasm (Prinzmetal's
variant angina), may cause transient ST-segment elevations without development
of Q wavesST-segment elevations that persist for several weeks or more after
a Q-wave infarct usually correlate with a severe underlying wall motion
disorder (akinetic or dyskinetic zone), although not necessarily but can
be due to a frank ventricular aneurysm
Ventricular aneurysm leads to persistent elevation of the ST segment after
MI.
ST-segment elevations simulating ischemia may occur with acute pericarditis
or myocarditis, or as a normal variant ("early repolarization"
pattern)
Q.173 5’-Nucleotidase activity is increased in;
1 Bone diseases.
2 Prostate cancer.
3 Chronic renal failure.
4 Cholestatic disorders.
Answer is 4
H15TH/1713
|
Alkaline phosphatase |
More specific |
Located in or near
the bile canalicular membrane of hepatocytes |
|
5-nucleotidase |
More specific |
Same as Alkaline phosphatase
|
|
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
(GGT |
Less specific |
Located in the endoplasmic
reticulum and in bile duct epithelial cells |
Enzymes raised in Cholestasis®
three enzymes
Due to more diffuse localization in the liver, GGT elevation in serum
is less specific for Cholestasis than are elevations of alkaline phosphatase
or 5-nucleotidase. Very high level of GGT is specially seen in relation
with alcoholic liver disease.
Q.174 Normal CSF glucose level in a normoglycemic adult is:
1 20-40 mg/dl
2 40-70 mg/dl
3 70-90 mg/dl
4 90-110 mg/dl
Answer is 2
H15TH/APPENDIX TABLE A-3
Q.175 Bart’s hydrops fetalis is lethal because:
1 Hb Bart’s cannot bind oxygen.
2 The excess ?-globin form insoluble precipitates.
3 Hb Bart’s cannot release oxygen to fetal tissues.
4 Microcytic red cells become trapped in the placenta.
Answer is 3
H15TH/672
The homozygous state for the ?-thalassemia-1 (hydrops fetalis) causes
total absence of
?-globin synthesis. No physiologically useful hemoglobin is produced beyond
the embryonic stage.
Excess ?-globin forms tetramers called Hb Bart's (?4), which has an extraordinarily
high oxygen affinity. It delivers almost no O2 to fetal tissues, causing
tissue asphyxia, edema (hydrops fetalis), congestive heart failure, and
death in utero.
Q.176 Cluster headache is characterized by all, except:
1 Affects predominantly females.
2 Unilateral headache.
3 Onset typically in 20-50 years of life.
4 Associated with conjunctival congestion.
Answer is 21 H15TH/78
CLUSTER HEADACHE RAEDER'S SYNDROME, HISTAMINE CEPHALALGIA, AND
SPHENOPALATINE NEURALGIA
0.Episodic type is most common and is characterized by one to three short-lived
attacks of periorbital pain per day over a 4- to 8-week period, followed
by a pain-free interval that averages 1 year.
0.Men are affected seven to eight times more often than women;
0. Hereditary factors are usually absent.
0. Although the onset is generally between ages 20 and 50, it may occur
as early as the first decade of life.
Clinical Features
|
Pain |
®Periorbital
pain begins without warning
®Excruciating in intensity and is deep
®Reaches a crescendo within 5 min
®Nonfluctuating, and explosive
®Strictly unilateral and usually affects the same side
in subsequent months
®Attacks last from 30 min to 2 h |
|
Associated symptoms |
®Homolateral
lacrimation
®Reddening of the eye
®Nasal stuffiness
®Lid ptosis, and
®Nausea. |
PEARL POINTS
®The cluster
syndrome is thus clinically, genetically, and therapeutically different
from migraine.
®Alcohol provokes
attacks in about 70% of patients but ceases to be provocative when the bout
remits; this on-off vulnerability to alcohol is pathognomonic of cluster
headache.
®Only rarely do
foods or emotional factors precipitate pain, in contrast to migraine.
®Propranolol and amitriptyline
are largely ineffective. Lithium is beneficial for cluster headache and
ineffective in migraine.
TREATMENT
®The most satisfactory
treatment is the administration of drugs to prevent cluster attacks until
the bout is over.
® Effective
prophylactic drugs are
prednisone, lithium, methysergide, ergotamine, sodium valproate, and verapamil.
®Lithium (600 to 900 mg daily)
appears to be particularly useful for the chronic form of the disorder.
®ergotamine is most effective
when given 1 to 2 h before an expected attack
®For
the attacks themselves, oxygen inhalation (9 L/min via a loose mask) is
the most effective modality.
Q.177 The most sensitive test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis is:
1 Elevated serum Ach-receptor binding antibodies.
2 Repetitive nerve stimulation test.
3 Positive edrophonium test.
4 Measurement of jitter by single fibre electromyography.
Oxford textbook of medicine /disorder of neuromuscular juncton/pg1169
For practical purposes, the presence of anti-AchR antibodies is confirmatory
and no further diagnostic investigations are required. It is the most specific
test for M.G. but it is not the most sensitive test. In seronegative patients,
electromyography and the intravenous edrophonium (Tensilon) test are helpful
edrophonium test. The test is therefore likely to be of most use in patients
with purely ocular symptoms and signs. False-negative and false-positive
results are not uncommon.
The conventional electromyographic measure for diagnosing myasthenia gravis
is the demonstration of a decremental response of the compound muscle action
potential in response to repetitive nerve stimulation at 3 Hz. More sensitive,
but not specific and only available in specialist centres, is the presence
of increased jitter and blocking, as assessed by single-fibre electromyography.
Table 1 Ion channels responsible for the different clinical disorders
Ion channel
Clinical disorder
Acetylcholine receptor
Myasthenia gravis
Voltage-gated calcium channel
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Voltage-gated potassium channel
Acquired neuromyotonia
Q.178 Vitamin B12 deficiency can give rise to all of ithe following, except:
1 Myelopathy.
2 Optic atrophy.
3 Peripheral neuropathy.
4 Myopathy.
Answer is 4
H15TH/2432
SUBACUTE COMBINED DEGENERATION (VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY)
|
Site of involvement |
Symptoms |
|
Myelopathy (involvement
of the posterior and lateral tracts) |
-Parasthesias in the
hands and feet
-Early loss of vibration and position sensation-Progressive ataxic
weakness |
|
Peripheral neuropathy |
-Loss of deep tendon
reflexes |
|
Optic atrophy |
-Loss of vision |
®Optic atrophy and irritability
and other mental changes may be prominent in advanced cases and on occasion
are the presenting symptoms (megaloblastic adness).
® The diagnosis is confirmed
by the finding of a low serum B12 concentration, elevated levels of homocysteine
(homocysteinemia), methylmalonyluria, and a positive Schilling test
Q.179 EEG is usually abnormal in all of the following, except.
1 Sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis.
2 Locked-in state.
3 Creutzfoldt Jackob disease
4 Hepatic encephalopathy.
Answer is 2 H15TH/2491,1765,2333
SSPE is a rare chronic progressive demyelinating disease of the CNS associated
with measles virus. Most patients give a history of primary measles infection
at an early age (2 years), with a latent interval of 6 to 8 years by the
development of a progressive neurologic disorder.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a degenerative disease of the central
nervous system (CNS) that is caused prions. CJD typically presents with
dementia and myoclonus, and is relentlessly progressive, usually results
in death within a year of onset
|
SSPE |
Characteristic periodic
pattern with bursts every 3 to 8 s of high-voltage, sharp slow waves,
followed by periods of attenuated ("flat") background |
|
CJD |
®Advanced
cases shows repetitive, high voltage, triphasic, and polyphasic
sharp discharges
®Stereotyped
periodic bursts of <200 ms duration, occurring every 1 to 2 s,
makes the diagnosis of CJD very likely |
|
Hepatic enceph. |
Grade I TO III shows
triphasic waves while grade IV shows delta activity. |
PEARL POINTS
EEG changes are produced by abnormality of cerebral cortex. Locked-in
state is a pontine lesion (lies deep in posterior cranial fossa), so how
it can produce the EEG changes.
Q.180 All of the following are neurologic channelopathies except:
1 Hypokalemic periodic paralysis.
2 Episodic ataxia type 1.
3 Familial hemiplegic migraine.
4 Spinocerebellar ataxia I.
Answer is 4 H15TH/74,2345,2409
|
Hypo K.P.P. |
Voltage-sensitive,
skeletal muscular calcium channel, |
|
FHM |
P/Q type calcium
channel subunit expressed only in the central nervous system |
|
Episodic Ataxia
Types 1
Type 2 |
Potassium channel
a1A voltage-dependent
calcium channel subunit |
The SCA1 gene product, called ataxin-1, is a novel protein of unknown
function
Q.181 According to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a verbal score of 1 indicates:
1 No response.
2 Inappropriate words.
3 Incomprehensible sounds.
4 Disoriented response.
Answer is 1 H15TH/2440
Glasgow coma scale
Clinical observation
Score
Eye opening
Spontaneous
4
To verbal command
3
To pain
2
None
1
Motor response
Obeys commands
6
Localises pain
5
Flexion withdrawal to pain
4
Abnormal flexion (decorticate)
3
Extension to pain (decerebrate)
2
None
1
Verbal response
Orientated
5
Confused conversation
4
Inappropriate words
3
Incomprehensible words
2
None
1
Q.182 Which of the following is not a neuroparasite?
1 Taenia solium.
2 Acanthamoeba.
3 Naegleria.
4 Trichinella spiralis.
Answer is 4
H15TH/1231,1202,1249
Cysticercoids can be found anywhere in the body, most commonly in the
brain and the skeletal muscle. It is caused by Taenia solium.
Acanthamoeba species causes Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri follows
the aspiration of water contaminated with trophozoites
Trichinellosis develops after the ingestion of meat containing cysts of
Trichinella. While
most infections are mild and asymptomatic, heavy infections can cause
severe enteritis,
periorbital edema, myositis, and (infrequently) death. But CNS involvement
is not seen.
Q.183 A 50 year old man, an alcoholic and a smoker
presents with a 3 hour history of severe retrosternal chest pain and increasing
shortness of breath. He started having this pain while eating, which was
constant and radiated to the back and interscapular region. He was a known
hypertensive. On examination, he was cold and clammy with a heart rate
of 130/min. and a BP of 80/40 mmHg. JVP was normal. All peripheral pulses
were present and equal. Breath sounds were decreased at the left lung
base and chest X-ray showed left pleural effusion.
Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
1 Acute aortic dissection.
2 Acute myocardial infarction.
3 Rupture of the esophagus.
4 Acute pulmonary embolism.
Answer is 4 H 15TH/1432
The factors that predispose to aortic dissection include
systemic hypertension, a coexisting condition in 70% of patients,
peak incidence is in the sixth and seventh decades.
Men are more affected than women by a ratio of 2:1.
The pain may be localized to the front (retrosternal) or back of the chest,
often the
interscapular region, and typically migrates with propagation of the dissection
to the back. Other symptoms include syncope, dyspnea, and weakness.
Physical findings may include hypertension or hypotension, loss of pulses,or
feeble pulses.
chest x-ray often reveals a widened superior mediastinum. A pleural effusion
(usually
left-sided) also may be present. This effusion is typically serosanguinous
and not indicative of rupture unless accompanied by hypotension and falling
hematocrit.
Q.184 Which of the following is a cause of reversible dementia?
1 Subacute combined degeneration.
2 Picks disease.
3 Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease.
4 Alzheimer’s disease.
Answer is 1 H 15TH/
Q.185 Which one of the following drugs is ‘Topoisomerase 1 inhibitor’?.
1 Doxorubicin.
2 Irinotecan.
3 Etoposide.
4 Vincristine.
Answer is 2
H 15TH/536
Q.186 Study the following carefully:
Read the pedigree. Inheritance pattern of the disease in the family is:
1 Autosomal recessive type.
2 Autosomal dominant type.
3 X Linked dominant type.
4 X linked recessive type.
Q.187 Palpable purpura could occur in the following conditions, except:
1 Thrombocytopenia.
2 Small-vessel vasculitis.
3 Disseminated gonococcal infection.
4 Acute meningococcemia.
Q.188 A 59 year old man with severe myxomatous mitral regurgitation is
asymptomatic, with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 45% and an
end-systolic diameter index of 2.9 cm/m2. The most appropriate treatment
is:
1 Mitral valve repair of replacement.
2 No treatment.
3 ACE inhibitor therapy.
4 Digoxin and diuretic therapy.
Q.189 The gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis is:
1 Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
2 Single energy X-ray absorptiometry.
3 Ultrasound.
4 Quantitative computed tomography.
Q.190 Nevirapine is a:
1 Protease inhibitor.
2 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
3 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
4 Fusion inhibitor.
Q.191 With reference to infections with Escherichia coli the following
are true except:
1 Enteroaggregative E.coli is associated with Persistent diarrhoea.
2 Enterohemorrhagic E.coli can cause haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
3 Enteroinvasive E.coli produces a disease similar to salmonellosis.
4 Enterotoxigenic E.coli is a common cause of travelers’ diarrhoea.
Q.192 The following statements are true regarding melioidosis except:
1 It is caused by Burkholderia mallei.
2 The agent is a gram negative aerobic bacteria.
3 Bipolar staining of the aetiological agent is seen with methylene blue
stain.
4 The most common form of melioidosis is pulmonary infection.
Q.193 The following bacteria are most often associated with acute neonatal
meningitis except:
1 Escherichia coli.
2 Streptococcus agalactiae.
3 Neisseria meningitides.
4 Listeria monocytogenes.
Q.194 All of the following Vibrio sp. are halophilic, except:
1 V. cholerae.
2 V. parahaemolyticus.
3 V.alginolyticus.
4 V.fluvialis.
All members of the genus are highly motile, facultatively anaerobic, curved
gram-negative rods with one or more polar flagella. Except for V. cholerae
and V. mimicus, all require salt for growth ("halophilic vibrios").
Q.195 All of the following organisms are known to survive intracellularly
except:
1 Neisseria meningitides.
2 Salmonella typhi.
3 Streptococcus pyogenes.
4 Legionella pneumophila.
Q.196 The capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans in a CSF sample is best seen
by
1 Grams stain.
2 India ink preparation.
3 Giemsa stain.
4 Methanamine - Silver stain.
Q.197 In Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome, the retinal vascular tumours are
often associated with intracranial hemangioblastoma. Which one of the
following regions is associated with such vascular abnormalities in this
syndrome?
1 Optic radiation.
2 Optic tract.
3 Cerebellum.
4 Pulvinar.
Q.198 Viruses can be isolated from clinical samples by cultivation in
the following except:
1 Tissue culture.
2 Embryonated eggs.
3 Animals.
4 Chemically defined media.
Ananthnarayan,s Textbook of microbiology,
Q.199 It is true regarding the normal microbial flora present on the skin
and mucous membranes that:
1 It cannot be eradicated by antimicrobial agents
2 It is absent in the stomach due to the acidic pH.
3 It establishes in the body only after the neonatal period.
4 The flora in the small bronchi is similar to that of the trachea.
Q.200 An army jawan posted in a remote forest area had fever and headache.
His fever was 104 F and pulse was 70 per min. He had an erythematous lesion
of about 1 cm on the leg surrounded by small vesicles, along with generalized
lymphadenopathy at the time of presentation to the referral hospital.
His blood sample was collected to perform serology for the diagnosis of
Rickettsial disease. Which one of the following results in Weil-felix
reaction will be diagnostic in this clinical setting:
1 High OX-2
2 High OX-19.
3 High OX-K.
4 High OX-19 and OX-2.
Answer is 3
PANICKAR 6TH/
This is a case of scrub typhus with classical clinical presentaqtion.
The classic case description includes an eschar at the site of chigger
feeding, regional lymphadenopathy, and a maculopapular rash. After an
incubation period of 6 to 21 days (usually 8 to 10 days), the onset of
disease is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, cough, and gastrointestinal
symptoms. Severe cases typically include prominent encephalitis and interstitial
pneumonia as key features of vascular injury. Scrub typhus is found in
environments that harbor the infected chiggers, particularly areas of
heavy scrub vegetation where the forest is regrowing after being cleared
and along riverbanks.
On Weil-felix reaction scrub typhus shows
Q.201 Adenosine deaminase (enzyme) deficiency is associated with:
1 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
2 X-linked agammaglobulinemia.
3 Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infance.
4 Chronic granulomatous disease.
Answer is 1
R7th /201
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is inherited as both autosomal
recessive and X-linked recessive form. Autosomal recessive form of SCID
characterized by severe lymphopenia, the failure in T and B cell development.
It is due to mutations in the RAG-1 or RAG-2 genes. About half of patients
with autosomal recessive SCID are deficient in an enzyme involved in purine
metabolism, adenosine deaminase (ADA), due to mutations in the ADA gene.
Q.202 Which of the following viral infections is transmitted by tick.
1 Japanese encephalitis.
2 Dengue fever.
3 Kyasanur forest disease (KFD).
4 Yellow fever.
Answer is 3
K Park P.S.M. 17th ed/543.
|
Hard
tick |
Soft
tick |
|
Tick
typhus
Viral encephalitis
Viral fevers (KFD)
Tularemia
Tick aralysis
Human babesiosis |
Q fever
Relapsing fever |
Q.203 Atypical pneumonia can be caused by the following microbial agents
except?
1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
2 Legionella pemmophila.
3 Human Corona virus.
4 Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Answer is 4
Robbins Pathology 7 ed/747
Common Causes of Community acquired atypical pneumonia are.
|
1)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2)
Chlamydia spp (Pneumoniae, Psittaci, trachomatis)
3)
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
4) Legionella pemmophila |
4)
Viruses (RSV, Parainfluenza, influenza A & B, adenovirus,
SARS).
SARS
is cause by human corona virus.
|
Q.204 The serum concentration of which of the following human
Ig G subclass is maximum?
1 IgG1.
2 IgG2.
3 IgG3.
4 IgG4.
Answer is 4 H16TH ED /1922.AN6TH
ED/81
Ig G comprises approximately 75 to 85% of total serum immunoglobulin.
The four Ig G subclasses are numbered in order of their level in serum,
IgG1 being found in greatest amounts and IgG4 the least.
|
IgG1®65% |
IgG3®8% |
|
IgG2®23% |
IgG4®4% |
Q.205 Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with the following except:
1 Endemic trachoma.
2 Inclusion conjunctivitis.
3 Lymphogranuloma venereum.
4 Community acquired pneumonia.
Answer is 4 H16TH ED /1531
Disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
|
®Pneumonia,
primarily in children and young adults,
®Atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease
®Trachoma®
A, B, Ba, and C serovars
®Lymphogranuloma
venereum (LGV) and hemorrhagic proctocolitis.®
L1, L2,
and L3 |
®Recurrent
respiratory infections in older adults
®Asthma
and Sarcoidosis
®Sexually
transmitted and perinatally acquired infections.®
D through K
®
Inclusion conjunctivitis in young adult and children |
Q.206 The following statements are true regarding Clostridium perfringens
except:
1 It is the commonest cause of gas gangrene.
2 It is normally present in human faeces.
3 The principal toxin of C.perfringens is the alpha toxin.
4 Gas gangrene producing strains of C. perfringens produce heat resistant
spores.
Answer is 4
PANICKAR 6TH/230
Clostridia are present in the normal colonic flora at concentrations of
109 to 1010 per gram. C. ramosum is the most common and is followed in
frequency by C. perfringens in colonizing clostridium. While most common
colonizing organisms in colon are bacteriods.
C. perfringens is the most common of the clostridial species isolated
from tissue infections (gasgangrene) and bacteremias.
C. perfringens is associated with food poisoning (type A) and enteritis
necroticans (type C).
C. perfringens possesses at least 17 possible virulence factors. This
species has been divided into five types (A through E) on the basis of
four major lethal toxins: ?, ?, ?, and ?. The ? toxin is a phospholipase
C (lecithinase) that splits lecithin into phosphorylcholine and diglyceride.
This is a major toxin and associated with gas gangrene. Gas gangrene producing
strains of C. perfringens produce heat labile spores and get destroyed
with boiling
207 The most common organism amongst the following that causes acute meningitis
in an AIDS patients is:
1 Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2 Streptococcus agalactiae.
3 Cryptococcus neoformans.
4 Listeria monocytogenes..
Answer is 3 Harrison 16th
/1116
The AIDS dementia complex, or HIV encephalopathy, is considered an AIDS-defining
illness. AIDS
dementia complex is commonest CNS disorder in AIDS patient.
Among the more frequent opportunistic diseases that involve the CNS are
toxoplasmosis,
cryptococcosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and primary
CNS lymphoma.
Toxoplasmosis is the most common opportunistic infection of CNS in AIDS
patients. It is the most
common cause of chrioretinitis in these patient, while CMV is the most
common cause of retinitis
in AIDS.
C. neoformans is the leading infectious cause of meningitis in patients
with AIDS. It is the
initial AIDS-defining illness in approximately 2% of patients and generally
occurs in patients
with CD4+ T cell counts <100/uL. Cryptococcal meningitis is particularly
common in patients with
AIDS in Africa.
Q.208 A bacterial disease that has been associated with the 3 “Rs” i.e.,
rats, ricefields, and rainfall is:
1 Leptospirosis.
2 Plague.
3 Melioidosis.
4 Rodent-bite fever.
Answer is 1
K Park P.S.M. 17th P (222)
• Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. Water is
an important vehicle in their transmission. Epidemics of leptospirosis
may result from exposure to flood waters contaminated by urine from infected
animals
• Leptrospira are excreted in urine of infected animals for a long time.
Rats, mice and voles particularly R. novergicus and Mus musculus are Reservoirs.
• Human infection is usually caused by occupational exposure to the urine
of infected animals, eg agricultural and live stock farmers, worker in
rice fields.
• Leisure time activities such as swimming and fishing also carry risks.
• Leptospira shed in urine and can survive for weeks in soil and water
heavy rainfall can leads to high level of contamination of soil of that
area. Potential contamination of water occurs.
Q.209 A child was diagnosed to be suffering from diarrhoea due to Compylobacter
jejuni. Which of the following will be the correct environmental conditions
of incubation of the culture plates of the stool sample:
1 Temperature of 42oC and micro-aerophilic.
2 Temperature of 42oC and 10% carbon dioxide.
3 Temperature of 37oC and micro-aerophilic.
4 Temperature of 37oC and 10% carbon dioxide.
Answer is 1
David Greenwood, Medical,Microbiology 16th edition/288
Campylobacter are Small spiral Gram negative with single flagellum at
one or both pole. They are
usually sensitive to O2 and super oxide, yet O2 is essential for growth,
so micro-aerophilic
condition must be provided for their cultivation. Compylobacter jejuni
grow best at 42-43oC.
Note, other campylobactor like enteritis grows best at 37oC temp.
Q.210 Which one of the following statements is true regarding Chlamydia
pneumoniae:
1 Fifteen serovars have been identified as human pathogens.
2 Mode of transmission is by the airborne bird excreta.
3 The cytoplasmic inclusions present in the sputum specimen are rich
in glycogen.
4 The group specific antigen is responsible for ithe production of complement
fixing antibodies.
Answer is 4 Brooks medical
microbiology ,23ed/chapter 28.
Chlamydia pneumoniae prduces the glycogen negetive inclusion bodies that
are much like of
Chlamydia psittaci and are sulfonamide-resistant. Only one serovrar has
discovered. Serology
using the Microimmunofluroscent test is the bmost sensitve method for
the detection of Chlamydia
pneumoniae infection. This test is the species specific not the complement
fixing antibody
detection by complement fixation test. Because the complement fixing antibodies
are against the
group specific antigen so detection of these antibodies are not species
specific.
Mode of transmission is by the airborne bird excreta is seen in Ch. Psittaci.
Q.211 Which of the following ultrasound marker is associated with greatest
increased risk for Trisomy 21 in fetus:
1 Echogenic foci in heart.
2 Hyperechogenic bowel.
3 Choroid plexus cysts.
4 Nuchal edema.
Answer is Williams /p
988
Risk associated with Down syndrome.
1) Nuchal fold ? 6 mm - 38%
2) Femur length - 34%
3) BPD/FL - 22%
4) Hyperechogenic bowel - 11%
5) Choroid plexus cyst - 0%
Q.212 The highest incidence of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease is in:
1 Australia.
2 Asia.
3 North America.
4 Western Europe.
Answer is 2
H 16th /588, Dutta 5TH /206
Gestational choriocarcinoma accounts for <1% of female gynecologic
malignancies. In the United States, the incidence is about 1 per 1000
pregnancies; in Asia, 2 per 1000 pregnancies. The spectrum of disease
ranges from benign hydatidiform mole to trophoblastic malignancy
(placental-site trophoblastic tumor and choriocarcinoma).
A prior history of molar pregnancy is also a risk factor. Prior history
of hydatidiform mole is a risk factor for choriocarcinoma.
Q.213 The smallest diameter of the true pelvis is:
1 Interspinous diameter.
2 Diagonal conjugate.
3 True conjugate.
4 Intertuberous diameter.
Answer is 2
Dutta 5TH / p 90
Inter spinous diameter is the smallest diameter of the true pelvis. It
is approximately
Q.214 The most common pure germ cell tumor of the ovary is:
1 Choriocarcinoma.
2 Dysgerminoma.
3 Embryonal cell tumor.
4 Malignant Teratoma.
Answer is 2
Dahnert Radiological review manual 5th edi/1046.
COGDT 9TH /chapter 49
Malignant germ cell tumor of ovary comprises 7% of tumor.
(a) Mature teratomy (10%) = the only benign variety and it is mixed tumor
(b) dysgerminoma (1.9%)
(c) immature Teratoma (Malignant Teratoma) (1.3%)
(d) Endodermal sinus tumor (1%)
(e) Malignant mixed germ cell tumor (.7%)
(f) Choriocarcinoma (.1%)
(g) Embryonal carcinoma (.1%)
Q.215 Infants of diabetic mother are likely to have the following cardiac
anomaly:
1 Coarctation of aorta.
2 Fallot’s tetrology
3 Ebstein’s anomaly.
4 Transposition of great arteries.
Answer is 2 Famarof &
Martin ‘s Neonatal-
Perinatal Medicine 7th Ed vol -1,Pg-282.
The congenital anomaly most specific for pregnant woman with DM is caudal
dysplasia (sacral
agenesis), which occurs 200-400 times more often in diabetic women.) This
lesion (sacral
agenesis) is most specific but not more common than Neural tube defect
and Congenital
heart defects.
Malformations of CNS that are more common in decreasing frequency are
- Neural tube defect (open myelomeningocoele)
- Anencephaly
- Holoprocencephaly
Risk of Cardiac malformation such as TGA and VSD are increased 5 fold.
TGA is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly in diabetic infants.
Q.216 Which one of the following is the ideal contraceptive for a patient
with heart disease?
1 IUCD.
2 Depoprovera.
3 Diaphragm.
4 Oral contraceptive pills.
Answer is 2
Dutta /p 296
Barrier method of contraceptive (condom) is the ideal contraceptive -
only barrier method given in choice is diaphragm.
Q.217 The karyotype of a patient with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
is:
1 46xx.
2 46xy.
3 47xxy.
4 45x0.
Answer is 2 Robbins 7th/181,
SHAWS 13TH /105
HARRISON 15th/chapter-338
Complete testicular feminization (also called complete androgen insensitivity)
is a common
form of male pseudohermaphroditism; It is the third most common cause
of primary amenorrhea after
gonadal dysgenesis(Turner syndrome) and congenital absence of the vagina
(Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome). The karyotype is 46,XY, and
the mutation is X-linked.
Reifenstein syndrome (also called partial androgen insensitivity) is the
term applied to forms of incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism
Q.218 The following drug is not helpful in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy:
1 Methotrexate.
2 Misoprostol.
3 Actinomycin-D.
4 RU 486.
Answer is 2 Williams’
21st/898
Novak’s Gynecology 13th ed/530
Methotrexate is a antineoplastic drug that acts as afolic acid antagonist
and highly effective against rapidly proliferating trophoblast.single
dose treatment is easier to administer and monitor than variable dose
methotrexate therapy, but it i8s associated with high failure rate. A
ai p p g .c o m paperIn case of failure second dose of methotrexate is
given.
A five-day course of intravenous actinomycin results in coplete resolution
of an ectopic pregnancy even in case of methotrexate failure.
RU 486(Mifepristone) combined with methotrexate is safe and effective
treatment without obvious side effects.Drugs used direct injections are
|
Methotrexate |
Prostagladins
F2a E2 |
|
Hyperosmolar
glucose |
KCL |
Misoprostol is Prostagladins E1 analouge. It is not used in ectopic pregnancy.
219 The best period of gestation to carry out chorion villous biopsy for
prenatal diagnosis is?
1 8-10 weeks
2 10-12 weeks
3 12-14 weeks
4 14-16 weeks
Answer is 2 Dutta 5th
/p 113
Williams 21st/ch.37
Chorionic villus sampling is the second most common procedure for genetic
prenatal diagnosis. It is routinely performed at about 10 to 12 weeks
of gestation, it allows for an earlier detection of abnormalities and
a safer pregnancy termination, because there is an increased association
of limb defects (Oromandibulo digital dysplasia) when the procedure is
performed before the 9th week. So it is not done before the 9th week.
Q.220 Which one of the following biochemical parameters is the most sensitive
to detect open spina bifida?
1 Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein.
2 Amniotic fluid alpha fetoprotein.
3 Amniotic fluid acetyl cholinesterase.
4 Amniotic fluid glucohexaminase.
Answer is 3
Rodecks& Whittle”s
Fetal Medicine,.Pg-377
When amniotic fluid acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) measurement is available
for diagnostic purposes, nearly all of the false positive amniotic fluid
AFP measurements could be identified.So it is the most sensitive test
for detection of open spina bifida. Elevation of Amniotic fluid
alpha fetoprotein level without increased acetyl cholinesterase can be
due to other etiology or from blood contamination.
Q.221. Risk of preterm delivery is increased if cervical length is:
1. 2.5 cm.
2. 3.0 cm.
3. 3.5 cm.
4. 4.0 cm.
Answer is 1
Williams 21st/701
Preterm birth, FUCHS 2nd edition/30-31
Mean cervical length at 24 weeks was 35 mm, and those women with progressively
shorter cervices experienced increased rates of preterm birth.
When the cervical length measured by vaginal ultrasound was less than
50th percentile (< 37 mm), risk of preterm delivery was increased 3.7
fold.
If manual measured cervix was shorter than the 50th percentile (18 mm),
premature birth was increased 2.9 fold.
Q.222. Diagnosis of beta Thalassemia is established by:
1. NESTROFT Test.
2. Hb A1C estimation.
3. Hb electrophoresis.
4. Target cells in peripheral smear.
Q.223. All are the risk factors associated with macrosomia except:
1. Maternal obesity.
2. Prolonged Pregnancy.
3. Previous large infant.
4. Short Stature.
Answer is 4
Williams 21st/ 759
Factors that favor the likelihood of large fetus
1) Obesity 5) Male fetus
2) Multiparity 6) Previous infant > 4 kg
3) Prolonged gestation 7) Race and ethnicity
4) Maternal age.
Q.224. Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to pregnant
women with epilepsy?
1. The rate of congenital malformation is increased in the offspring of
women with epilepsy.
2. Seizure frequency increases in approximately 70% of women.
3. Breast feeding is safe with most anticonvulsants.
4. Folic acid supplementation may reduce the risk of neural tube defect.
Answer is 2
Williams 21st/1408-1409
During pregnancy increased seizure frequency seen in 35%, while decreased
frequency in 15% and no change in 50%. Women taking antiepileptic drugs
should receive the Folic acid supplementation as most of these agents
deplete this nutrient. Folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of
neural tube defect. The rate of congenital malformation is increased in
the offspring of women with epilepsy even when patient is not taking the
antiepileptics.
Q.225. All are the causes of intrauterine growth retardation except:
1. Anemia.
2. Pregnancy induced hypertension.
3. Maternal heart disease.
4. Gestational diabetes.
Answer is 4 Williams 21st
/ 751-752,Dutta 5th / 499
Maternal conditions commonly associated with I.U.G.R.
1) Renal disease
2) Vascular disease like eclampsia, pre-eclampsia etc.
3) Chronic hypoxia
4) Maternal anaemia
5) Placental insufficiency
6) Multiple pregnancy
7) Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Pre-eclampsia, heart disease, malnutrition may be life threatening and
important cause of fetal growth retardation.
Note - Diabetic mother ihave risk of macrosomia in place of I.U.G.R
Q.226. Misoprostol has been found to be effective in all of the following
except:
1. Missed abortion.
2. Induction of labour.
3. Menorrhagia.
4. Prevention of post-partum hemorrhage (PPH).
Q.227. All of the following appear to decrease hot flushes in menopausal
women except:
1. Androgens.
2. Raloxifene.
3. Isoflavones.
4. Tibotone.
Answer is 2
CMDT2004/1140
• Androgen deficiency contributes to hot flushes; loss of libido and sexual
hair, muscle atrophy, and osteoporosis, selected women may be treated
with low dose methyl testosterone. Androgen should not be given to women
with liver disease; during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
• Raloxifene alternative to estrogen in postmenopausal women to prevent
osteoporosis. But it does not reduce hot flushes, vaginal dryness, skin
wrinkling, or breast atrophy. While it can lead to hot flushes as a side
effect.
• Raloxifene increases risk of venous thromboembolism.
• Tibolone have mixed estrogenic, progestogenic and weak androgenic activity,
it reduces the climacteric-related complication.
• Isoflavons - are phytoestrogen (soy phytoestrogen occurs nasturally)
- Bind weakly to E.R.? but strongly to E.R.B.
- Daily intake of Soy proteins reduces hot flushes by about 45% with in
12
weeks.
Q.228. In a case of Dysgerminoma of ovary one of the following tumor markers
is likely to be raised:
1. Serum HCG.
2. Serum alphafetoprotein.
3. Serum lactic dehydrogenase.
4. Serum inhibin.
Malcolm Coppleson,
Gynecologic Answer is 3
Oncology 2nd ed/918-921.
Lipincott - Roven publication, S - Jean Emans, Marc
R - Pediatric and adolescent gynecology 4th ed./575.
Dysgerminoma is most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, representing
2% of all ovarian malignancies.
LDH, PLAP, and CA 125 may be elevated and in some instances can serve
as tumor marker. LDH in particular has been successful in predicting recurrence
in testicular seminoma and dysgerminoma.
LDH is elevated in some patient with dysgerminoma, and the levels and
the isoenzyme pattern (LDH-1 and LDH-2) may be useful in suggesting the
diagnosis preoperatively.
Q.229. Use of one of the following vaccination is absolutely contraindicated
in pregnancy:
1. Hepatitis-B.
2. Cholera.
3. Rabies.
4. Yellow fever.
Q.230. The most common cause of secondary amenorrhoea in India is:
1. Endometrial tuberculosis.
2. Premature ovarian failure.
3. Potycystic ovarian syndrome.
4. Sheehan’s syndrome.
Q.231. In Klippel-Feil syndrome, the patient has all of the following
clinical features except:
1. Low hair line.
2. Bilatereal Neck webbing.
3. Bilateral shortness of sternomastoid muscles.
4. Gross limitations of neck movements.
Q.232. The most common sequelae of tuberculous spondylitis in an adolescent
is:
1. Fibrous Ankylosis.
2. Bony-Ankylosis.
3. Pathological dislocation.
4. Chronic osteomyelitis.
Q.233. In Radionuclide imaging the most useful radio pharmaceutical for
skeletal imaging is:
1. Gallium 67 (67Ga).
2. Technetium-sulphur-colloid (99mTc-Sc).
3. Technetium-99m (99mTc).
4. Technetium-99m linked to Methylene disphosphonate (99mTc-MDP).
Q.234. Heberden’s arthropathy affects:
1. Lumbar spine.
2. Symmetrically large joints.
3. Sacroiliac joints.
4. Distal interphalangeal joints.
Q.235. Subtrochanteric fractures of femur can be treated by all of the
following methods except:
1. Skeletal traction on Thomas’ splint.
2. Smith Petersen Nail.
3. Condylar blade plate.
4. Ender’s nail.
Q235. Ref- Chapman”s orthopaedic surgery 3rd Ed ,Pg 655-660
-Locked medullary nails were used for closed nailing of proximal femoral
fractures. All closed
adult subtrochantic fractures below the level of lesser trochanter can
be safely nailed with first generation nail, regardless of the fracture
pattern or degree of communition
-Ender”s nail has particular advantage in unusual situations where the
soft tissues around the hip preclude the use of any device that enters
for hip, and ender”s nail can be inserted through the knee
-Condylar blade plate is used for anatomic reduction and stable fixation
of all fragments
Q.235. Apley’s Orthopedics 8th ed/694
Chapman’s orthopedic surgery 3rd ed/653.
Treatment of subtrochanteric fracture
• Open reduction and internal fixation is treatment of choice.
• Compression (Dynamic) Hip screw and plate is satisfactory.
• Intramedullary nail are equally good for stablization
• Devices used in subtrachenteric fracture are -
1)Locked nail (interlocking nail) - Altanail technique is reamed locked
intramedullary nailing.
2)Zickel’s nail
3)Ender nail
4)95o blade plate.
5)95o dynamic condylar screw.
• There has been nearly a complete elimination of nonoperative treatment
in adult and increase in
operative treatment of sub-trochanteric fracture.
Answer is (1).
Q.236. All of the following are true about fracture of the atlas vertebra,
except:
1. Jefferson fracture is the most common type.
2. Quadriplegia is seen in 80% cases.
3. Atlantooccipital fusion may sometimes be needed.
4. CT scans should be done for diagnosis.
236. Apley’s Orthopedics 8th ed/650.
Fracture atlas -
• Jefferson fracture.
• Usually no neurological deficit.
• Fracture seen on open mouth view.
• CT scan is particularly helpful.
• Undisplaced fracture - Treated with semi-rigid collar or halo vast until
fracture unite.
• If sideway spreading of latest mass (> 7 mm on open mouth view) or
ruptured transverse ligament
or unstable injury - treated with holo cast for several weeks.
• If persisting instability on X-ray - a Posterior C1-2 (atlanto axial)
arthrodesis is
considered.
• Fracture of atlas are associated with injury elsewhere in cervical spine
in upto 50% of cases.
Odontoid fracture and hangman’s fracture should be excluded.
CAMPBELL’S operative Orthopedics 9th ed/2722
Chapman’s Orthopaedic Surgery 3rd ed/3674-77.
- The initial description of C1 arch was given by Jefferson (so fracture
C1 arch in whole can be said Jefferson fracture). But typical Jefferson
fracture is type III fracture, which having
fracture of both anterior and posterior arch of atlas. It is called the
burst fracture (Jefferson fracture), which is characterized by 4 fracture
- 2 in posterior arch and 2 in anterior arch.
- However most common injury is type I fracture which is isolated posterior
arch fracture.
- It is result from the hyperextension - axial loading injury.
- Second M/c fracture is lateral mass fracture.
- Typical Jeferrson fracture is 3rd m/c fracture.
Hence only correct choice is (4).
But best answer of this question is (2), because neurological deficit
is seen in atlantoaxial dislocation (even if it is also severe.
Q.237. A 30 year old man had road traffic accident and sustained fracture
of femur. Two days later he developed sudden breathlessness. The most
probable cause can be:
1. Pneumonia.
2. Congestive heart failure.
3. Bronchial asthma.
4. Fat Embolism.
Q.238. A 45 year old was given steroids after renal transplant. After
2 years he had difficulty in walking and pain in both hips. Which one
of the following is most likely cause?
1. Primary Osteoarthritis.
2. Avascular necrosis.
3. Tuberculosis.
4. Aluminum toxicity.
Q.239. All of the following are branches of the external carotid artery
except:
1. Superior thyroid artery.
2. Anterior Ethmoidal artery.
3. Occipital artery.
4. Posterior auricular artery.
239. B.D. Chaurusiya Head and Neck ed. /p 103 and 87
Branches of external carotid A
(A) Anterior - Sup. thyroid, lingual and facial
(B) Posterior - occipital, post. auricular
© Medial - ascending pharyngeal
(d) Terminal - Maxillary and superficial temporal A
- Anterior ethmoidal A is branch of ophthalmic A, this is branch of interior
carotid A.
Q.240. All are true for Gradenigo’s syndrome except:
1.It is associated with conductive hearing loss.
2.It is caused by an abscess in the petrous apex.
3.It leads to involvement of the Cranial nerves V and VI.
4.It is characterized by retro-orbital pain.
Q240. Ref-Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat,3rd Ed,P L Dhingra,Pg-103
Gradenigo Syndrome is the classical presentation of petrositis & consists
of triad of
a.External rectus palsy (vi nerve palsy)
b.Deep seated ear or retro-orbital pain(vth nerve involvement)
c.Persistent ear discharge-ie petrositis
Hence the answer is 1
Q240. Ref-Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat. 3rd edition, P.L.Dhingra
Gradenigo’s syndrome is the
classical presentation of petrositis & consists of triad of:
1.External rectus palsy (VIth nerve palsy)
2.Deep-seated ear or retro-orbital pain (Vth nerve involvement).
3.Persistent ear discharge-which points to petrosistis.
Q.241. The most common and earliest manifestation of carcinoma of the
glottis is:
1. Hoarseness.
2. Haemoptysis.
3. Cervical lymph nodes.
4. Stridor.
241. Dahnert’s radiological review manual 5th edition/382.
- Glottic C.A is most common type of C.A. larynx.
- Earliest symptom is hoarseness.
- M/C symptom is hoarseness in C.A. Glottis.
- Supraglottic carcinoma is detected late due to minimal symptomatology.
Answer - (1).
Q.242. Abbey-Estlander flap is used in the reconstruction of:
1. Buccal mucosa.
2. Lip.
3. Tongue.
4. Palate.
Q.243. Androphonia can be corrected by doing:
1. Type 1 Thyroplasty.
2. Type 2 Thyroplasty.
3. Type 3 Thyroplasty.
4. Type 4 Thyroplasty.
Q243 . Ref –ENT,Head & Neck Sur 22nd Ed- Vol-3,Pgs 2072,2089-90.
Isshiki categorized laryngeal phonosurgery in to four types based on
Functional alteration of vocal folds
-medial displacement (type-1 thyroplasty)
-lateral displacement (type-2)
-shortening or relaxation (type-3)
-elongation or tensioning procedures (type-4)
-lenthening procedure (type-4) have been advocated for vocal fold bowing
resulting from aging or trauma , post-surgical defects, androphonia &
gender transformation
-type –3 for adductor spasmodic dysphonia, mutational falcetto & gender
transformation.
Ans-D
Q.244. In which one of the following perineural invasion in head and neck
cancer is most commonly seen?
1. Adenocarcinoma.
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
3. Basal Cell Adenoma.
4. Squamous cell carcinoma.
244. Robbin/s Pathology
Dahnert radiological review manual 5th eds/369
- Adenoid cystic C.A. (Cylindroma)
40-70 yr age group, M=F
- Most common malignant neoplasms of minor salivary gland
(Hard Palate is commonest site)
- This tumor have propensity for perineural spread along facial nerve.
Q.245. Use of Seigel’s speculum during examination of the ear provides
all except:
1. Magnification.
2. Assessment of movement of ithe tympanic membrane.
3. Removal of foreign body from the ear.
4. As applicator for the powdered antibiotic of ear.
Textbook of ENT by Mohd. Maqbool 10th ed/26
- Speculum consists of a 10 diopter lens and a side to be connected with
a rubber bulb.
- An air tight system is produced in canal and pressure is increased by
bulb.
- Speculum is useful for the following reason -
1) It gives a magnified view of the membrane
2) It is helpful to assess the mobility of the membrane.
3) The speculum is used to elicit the fistula sign.
4) By varying the pressure, discharge through the perforation can be sucked
out as well as medication can be put into the middle ear.
Hence answer is (3).
Q.246. Blood specimen for neonatal thyroid screening is obtained on:
1. Cord blood.
2. 24 hours after birth.
3. 48 hours after birth.
4. 72 hours after birth.
Q.247. A child with recurrent urinary tract infections is most likely
to show:
1. Posterior urethral valves.
2. Vesicoureteric reflux.
3. Neurogenic bladder.
4. Renal and ureteric calculi.
Q.248. The appropriate approach to a neonate presenting with vaginal bleeding
on day 4 of life is:
1. Administration of vitamin K.
2. Investigation for bleeding disorder.
3. No specific therapy.
4. Administration of 10ml/kg of fresh frozen plasma over 4 hours.
O.P. Ghai Pediatrics 5th ed./125
Answer is (3)
Menstrual like bleeding may occur from 3rd to 7th day of life this is
attributed to
transplacental passage of hormones and estrogen withdrawal after birth,
no therapy is required.
Q.249. Which one of the following drugs is used for fetal therapy of congenital
adrenal
hyperplasia?
1. Hydrocortisone.
2. Prednisolone.
3. Fludrocortisone.
4. Dexamethasone.
249.- Fetal medicine, Charles H. Rodeck Ist ed./831.
- To prevent the birth of virilized females, Evans et al. First administered
dexamethasone at a
dose of .25 mg q.i.d. to a mother known to be a risk of CAH.
- It is currently recommended to start the therapy at 7th weeks of gestation.
Fima Lifschiz - Pediatric endocrinology 3rd ed/315.
- Px with dexamethasone was recently employed in pregnancies at risk for
21-
hydroxilase deficiency.
- The current recommendation is to treat the mother with a pregnancy at
risk for
21-OH deficiency with dexamethasone in a dose of .5 mg TDS as soon as
pregnancy is recognized.
Q.250. The coagulation profile in a 13-year old girl with Menorrhagia
having von Willebrands disease is:
1. Isolated prolonged PTT with a normal PT.
2. Isolated prolonged PT with a normal PTT.
3. Prolongation of both PT and PTT.
4. Prolongation of thrombin time.
Q.251. All of the following are true about manifestations of vitamin E
deficiency except:
1. Hemolytic anemia.
2. Posterior column abnormalities.
3. Cerebellar ataxia.
4. Autonomic dysfunction.
Q.252. Differential expression of same gene depending on parent of origin
is referred to as:
1. Genomic imprinting.
2. Mosaicism.
3. Anticipation.
4. Nonpenetrance.
Q.253. The chances of having an unaffected baby, when both parents have
achondroplasia, are:
1. 0%.
2. 25%.
3. 50%.
4. 100%.
Q.254. All of the following therapies may be required in a 1-hour-old
infant with severe birth asphyxia except:
1. Glucose.
2. Dexamethasone.
3. Calcium gluconate.
4. Normal saline.
254. O.P. Ghai, Essential of Pediatrics 5th ed/153.
1) Maintain temperature
2) Provide O2/ventilation as required.
3) Ensure normal B.P: Volume expanders, dopamine, dobutamine.
4) Acidosis, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia needs correction
5) Treat seizures.
Dexamethasone has no role in resuscitation of asphyxiated newborn.
When asphyxia occurs prenatally then high level of circulating steroids
already leads to lung maturation.
Q.255. The most common leukocytoclastic vasculitis affecting children
is:
1. Takayasu disease.
2. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease)
3. Henoch Schonelin purpura.
4. Polyarteritis nodosa.
255. Anderson Pathology 10th ed./1433
- Small vessel vasculitis - K/a leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
- The incidence of Henoch - Schonlein Purpura Peaks around 5 yr of age
and is most common type of
vasculitis of children.
- d/d of leukocytoclastic vasculitis -
1) H.S.P.
2) Microscopic polyangitis
3) Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
4) Wegener’s granulomatosis
5) Churg strauss syndrome
6) Drug induced vasculitis
7) Neisseria induced vasculitis.
according to Harrison 15th ed. ?
- Anaphylactoid Purpura = Henoch - Schonlein purpura.
Q.256. A four year old boy was admitted with a history of abdominal pain
and fever for two months, maculopapular rash for ten days, and dry cough,
dyspnea and wheezing for three days. On examination, liver and spleen
were enlarged 4 cm and 3 cm respectively below the costal margins.
His hemoglobin was 10.0 g/dl, platelet count 37 x 109/L, which included
80% eosinophils. Bone marrow examination revealed a cellular marrow comprising
45% blasts and 34% eosinophils and eosinophilic precursors. The blasts
stained negative for myeloperoxidase and non-specific esterase and were
positive for CD19, CD10, CD22 and CD20.
Which one of the following statements in not true about this disease?
1. Eosinophils are not part of ithe neoplastic clone.
2. t(5:14) rearrangement may be detected in blasts.
3. Peripheral blood eosinophilia may normalize with chemotherapy.
4. Inv (16) is often detected in the blasts and the eosinophils.
256. William’s Hematology 6th ed/1056, 1051.
CD19, CD10, CD22 and CD20 are marker of b cell origin . so it is a lymphoid
leukemia not myeloid
one.
Q.257. Kidney biopsy from a child with hemolytic uremic syndrome characteristically
most likely presents features of:
1. Thrombotic microangiopathy.
2. Proliferative glomerulonephritis.
3. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
4. Minimal change disease.
Q.258. The classification proposed by the International Lymphoma Study
Group for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is known as:
1. Kiel classification.
2. REAL classification.
3. WHO classification.
4. Rappaport classification.
258. William’s hematology 6th ed/1208
- In 1993 the International Lymphoma Study Group began a year long effort
to establish a new
classification the REAL classification (Revised European - American lymphoma).
Q.259. One of the intestinal enzymes that is generally deficient in children
following an attack of severe infectious enteritis is:
1. Lactase.
2. Trypsin.
3. Lipase.
4. Amylase.
Q.260. A newborn presented with bloated abdomen shortly after birth with
passing of less meconium. A full-thickness biopsy of the rectum was carried
out. Which one of the following rectal biopsy findings is most likely
to be present?
1. Fibrosis of submucosal.
2. Hyalinisation of the muscular coat.
3. Thickened muscularis propria.
4. Lack of ganglion cells.
Q.261. All of the following features are seen in the viral pneumonia except:
1. Presence of interstitial inflammation.
2. Predominance of alveolar exudates.
3. Bronchiolitis.
4. Multinucleate giant cells in the bronchiolar wall.
261. Pathologic basis of diseases Robbins ed. /751.
The term atypical pneumonia denotes the moderate amount of sputum, no
physical finding of
consolidation, only moderate elevation of W.B.C. lack of alveolar exudate
(answer).
Morphology of atypical pneumonia -
- Predominant interstitial nature of inflammatory reaction.
- Super imposed bacterial infection causes ulcerative bronchitis and bronchiolitis.
-Epithelial giant cells with intranuclear or intra-cytoplasmic inclusion
may be present in
cytomegalic inclusion diseases, other viruses produce cytopathic changes.
Hence answer is (2).
Q.262. Aschoff’s nodules are seen in:
1. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
2. Libman-Sacks endocarditis.
3. Rheumatic carditis.
4. Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.
262. Path. Robbins /593
Aschoff bodies - These consist of foci of swollen eosinophilic collagen
surrounded by lymphocytes (Primarily T cells), occasional plasma cells,
and plump macrophages called Antischkow cells (Pathognomonic for RF).
These disposed in a central, slender, wavy ribbon (hence the designation
“Caterpillar cells”.
Some of the larger macrophages becomes multinucleated to form aschoff
giant cells.
Answer Rheumatic carditis.
Q.263. Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by:
1. Type I pneumocytes.
2. Type II pneumocytes.
3. Clara cells.
4. Bronchial epithelial cells.
263. Robbin /713.
Alveolar epithelium - contains a continuous layer of 2 principal cell
types:
Flattened, plate like type I pneumocyte covering 95% of surface.
Type II - Globular, only 5% of surface area.
They are the source of pulmonary surfactant. Surfactant contained in osmiophilic
lamellar bodies.
Q.264. Which one of the following conditions commonly predisposes to colonic
carcinoma?
1. Ulcerative colitis.
2. Crohn’s disease.
3. Diverticular disease.
4. Ischaemic colitis.
264. Robbins /848.
- incidence of cancer of git in patients with long standing progressive
C.D, with a five to six -
fold increased risk over normal population. Howerver the risk of cancer
in Crohn’s disease is considerably less than in patients with chronic
U.C.
Hence answer is (1).
Ulcerative colitis
Important point to be remembered -
- Crypt abscess seen in U.C.
- Lead pipe appearance of Colon - U.C
Q.265. Fibrinoid necrosis may be observed in all of the following, except:
1. Malignant hypertension.
2. Polyarteritis nodosa.
3. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis.
4. Aschoff’s nodule.
265. Robbins 593,594, 1008, 539
- The myocardial involvement - Myocarditis - takes the form of scattered
Aschoff bodies, often
perivascular. Concomitant involvement of the endocardium and the left
sided valves by
inflammatory foci typically result in fibrinoid necrosis within Cusps
or along the cord.
- Morphology of malignant hypertension in kidney -
- Flea bitten appearance
- Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles
- Onion skinning of intima.
- Morphology of Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
- transmural inflammation of arterial wall
- fibrinoid necrosis
- fibrous thickening of vessel wall
Hence answer is (3).
Q.266. All of the following statements are true regarding reversible cell
injury, except:
1. Formation of amorphous densities in the mitochondrial matrix.
2. Diminished generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
3. Formation of blebs in the plasma membrane.
4. Detachment of ribosomes from the granular endoplasmic reticulum.
266. Robbins /19
- Persistent or excessive injury causes irreversible injury.
1) Extensive damage of cellular membrane
2) Swelling of liposomes
3) Vacuolization of mitochondria with reduced capacity to generate ATP.
Note - amorphous density in mitochondrial matrix is a feature of reversible
injury.
Hence answer is (3).
Q.267. Which of the following statements pertaining to leukemia is correct?
1. Blasts of acute myeloid leukemia are typically sudan black negative.
2. Blasts of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are typically myeloperoxidase
positive.
3. Low leucocyte alkaline phosphatase score is characteristically seen
in blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia.
4. Tartarate resistant acid phosphatase positivity is typically seen in
hairy cell leukemia.
.267. Wiernik Neoplastic disease of blood 3rd ed/68.
- The most consistent and diagnostic abnormality of granulocytes in CML
is low or absent L.A.P.
The L.A.P is elevated in Polycythemia vera and myeloid metoplasia.
Note - The LAP tends to rise during drug induced demission of CML and
in blastic phase.
- Low LAP also seen in P.N.H.
- High LAP seen in - Polycythemia vera and myeloid metaplasia.
- TRAP (Tartarate resistant acid phosphatase positivity typically seen
in hairly cell leukemia.
- Blasts of AML (not ALL) - Myeloperoxidase positive
- Blasts of ALL are sudan negative.
- Another frequently asked important question -
Accelerated phase CML 1) Peripheral blast > 100,000/mm3
2) Characterized by
• Progressive splenomegaly.
• Basophilia
• Platelet count aberration, including thrombocytosis.
3) This phase usually last for 3-9 months.
Q.268. In which of the following conditions bilateral contracted kidneys
are characteristically seen?
1. Amyloidosis.
2. Diabetes mellitus.
3. Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis.
4. Benign nephrosclerosis.
Q.269. All of the following CSF findings are present in tuberculous meningitis,
except:
1. Raised protein levels.
2. Low chloride levels
3. Cob web formation.
4. Raised sugar levels.
269. O.P. Ghai Pediatrics 5th ed/395
- Sugar level is normal or decreased in T.B.M. it is not raised in any
bacterial or fungal
meningitis.
- Cob web formation in CSF is feature of T.B.M. due to excess protein
within it.
- Cl decreased in csf (<600 MG/Dl)
Hence answer is (4).
Q.270. All of the following vascular changes are observed in acute inflammation,
except:
1. Vasodilation.
2. Stasis of blood.
3. Increased vascular permeability.
4. Decreased hydrostatic pressure.
270. Robbins /50
Vascular changes in acute inflammation -
1) Vasodilation is one of earliest manifestation.
2) It followed by increased vascular permeability
3) Loss of fluid result in concentration of red cells in small vessels
and increased viscosity of
blood - blood flow slower - a condition term as stasis.
4) Colloid osmotic pressure is decreased.
5) While hydrostatic pressure is increased.
Hence answer is (4).
Q.271. The subtype of Hodgkin’s disease, which is histogenetically distinct
from all the other subtypes, is:
1. Lymphocyte predominant.
2. Nodular sclerosis.
3. Mixed cellularity.
4. Lymphocyte depleted.
271. Robbins /686
Now WHO Classification recognizes 5 subtype of H.L. In first 4 type (nodular
sclerosis, mixed
cellularity, lymphocyte rich, and lymphocyte depletion) the Reed Sternberg
Cells have a similar
immunophenotype; as these 4 are often clumped as classical form of H.L.
In lymphocyte predominance HL, Reed sternberg cells have a characteristic
B cell -
immunophenotype distinct from that of ithe classical HL subtype.
Hence answer is (1).
Q.272. In apoptosis, Apaf-1 is activated by release of which of the following
substances from the mitochondria?
1. Bcl-2.
2. Bax.
3. Bcl-XI.
4. Cytochrome C.
272. Robbins /30
Cell under stress or deprived of survival signals
¯.
Release of Bcl-2 and/or Bcl - x from mitochondria
¯
Now increased permeability of mitochondria
¯
Cytochrome - C comes out of mitochondria binds to ApaF-I in cytosol.
¯
This activated complex activate the Caspase - 9 and apoptosis starts.
Hence answer is (4).
Q.273. Which type of amyloidosis is caused by mutation of the transthyretin
protein?
1. Familial Mediterranean fever.
2. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
3. Dialysis associated amyloidosis.
4. Prion protein associated amyloidosis.
Q.274. In familial Mediterranean fever, the gene encoding the following
protein undergoes mutation:
1. Pyrin.
2. Perforin.
3. Atrial natriuretic factor.
4. Immunoglobulin light chain.
Q.275. Which of the following statements is not true?
1. Patients with IgD myeloma may present with no evident M-spike on serum
electrophoresis.
2. A diagnosis of plasma cell leukemia can be made if circulating peripheral
blood plasmablasts comprise 14% of peripheral blood white cells in a patient
with white blood cell count of 11 x 109/L and platelet count of 88 x 109/L.
3. In smoldering myeloma plasma cells constitute 10-30% of total bone
marrow cellularity.
4. In a patient with multiple myeloma, a monoclonal light chain may be
detected in both serum and urine.
Neoplastic disease of blood 3rd ed/497-498.
Peter H, Wiernip, George P, Canellos
PLASMA CELL LEUKEMIA
Diagnosis is made when atypical plasma cells in peripheral blood at least
20% of the
differential count.
SMOLDERING MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Diagnosis depends on presence of serum M protein <30 g/L.
< 10% atypical plasma cells in bone marrow smears.
Absent of symptom, anemia and skeletal lesion.
MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNKNOWN SIGNIFICANCE
Circulating atypical plasma cell also < 10%.
Definition of leukemia (my) ? >20% of blast cell must be there.
Myelodysplastic syndrome - also K/a smouldering leukemia because it is
having blast cells < 30%
but > 10%. So it is also K/a preleukemic leukemia.
Like smouldering leukemia the smouldering myeloma may have 10-20% plasma
cells. But iwhen the
ward leukemia is used, it always means that cells are > 20% of circulating
W.B.C.
- Williams hematology 6th ed/1284 ? a small proportion of patient ihave
non-secretory myeloma in
which the neoplastic cells do not produce significant amount of monoclonal
immunoglobulins.
Q.276. In-situ DNA nick end labeling can quantitate:
1. Fraction of cells in apoptotic pathways.
2. Fraction of cells in S phase.
3. p53 gene product.
4. bcr/abl gene.
Q.277. Which one of the following serum levels would help in distinguishing
an acute liver disease from chronic liver disease?
1. Aminotransaminase.
2. Alkaline phosphatase.
3. Bilirubin.
4. Albumin.
Serum albumin is synthesized exclusively by hepatocytes. Serum albumin
has a long half-life: 15 to 20 days, with approximately 4% degraded per
day. Because of this slow turnover, the serum albumin is not a good indicator
of acute or mild hepatic dysfunction; only minimal changes in the serum
albumin are seen in acute liver conditions such as viral hepatitis, drug-related
hepatoxicity, and obstructive jaundice. In hepatitis, albumin levels below
3 g/dL should raise the possibility of chronic liver disease.
Hypoalbuminemia is more common in chronic liver disorders such as cirrhosis
and usually reflects severe liver damage and decreased albumin synthesis.
One exception is the patient with ascites in whom synthesis may be normal
or even increased, but levels are low because of the increased volume
of distribution
Q.278. Which one of the following stains is specific for Amyloid?
1. Periodic Acid schif (PAS).
2. Alzerian red.
3. Congo red.
4. Von-Kossa.
Anderson’s
Pathology /p.455
Staining characteristics of amyloid
|
Stain |
Appearance of amyloid |
Diagnostic utility |
|
H&E/HPS* |
Pink, hyaline, amorphous |
Nonspecific |
|
Methyl violet or crystal
violet |
Metachromasia |
Nonspecific |
|
Thioflavine T or thioflavine
S |
Secondary fluorescence
under ultraviolet radiation |
Nonspecific but is
the most sensitive screening test |
|
Sulfated Alcian blue |
Blue-green |
Nonspecific but may
be useful as a screening test |
|
Congo red |
Red-green birefringence
under polarized light |
Definitive diagnostic
test |
|
Immunohistochemistry
using antibody specific for fibril protein |
Positive immunoreactivity |
Allows classification
of type of amyloid |
*Hematoxylin and eosin/hematoxylin, phloxine, and saffron
Q.279. Which one of the following diseases characteristically causes fatty
change in liver?
1. Hepatitis B virus infection.
2. Wilson’s disease.
3. Hepatitis C virus infection.
4. Chronic alcoholism.
Q.280. A 48-year-old woman was admitted with a history of weakness for
two months. On examination, cervical lymph nodes were found enlarged and
spleen was palpable 2 cm below ithe costal margin. Her hemoglobin was
10.5 g/dl, platelet count 237 x 10/L and total leukocyte count 40 x 10/L,
which included 80% mature lymphoid cells with coarse clumped chromatin.
Bone marrow revealed a nodular lymphoid infiltrate. The peripheral blood
lymphoid cells were positive for CD19, CD5, CD20 and CD23 and were negative
for CD79B and FMC-7.
The histopathological examination of ithe lymph node in this patient will
most likely exhibit effacement of lymph node architecture by:
1. A pseudofollicular pattern with proliferation centers.
2. A monomorphic lymphoid proliferation with a nodular pattern.
3. A predominantly follicular pattern.
4. A diffuse proliferation of medium to large lymphoid cells with high
mitotic rate.
This is the case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) CLL and small lymphocytic
lymphoma (SLL) - both are morphologically, phenotypically and genotypically
indistinguishable, differing only in the degree of peripheral blood lymphocytosis.
For CLL - peripheral blood lymphocyte should be > 4000/mm3 or >
40x109/L.
|
Mature lymphoid cells |
Age of 50 |
|
Pan B cell marker CD 19 and CD20 |
Proliferation centers seen on histopathology |
|
small lymphocyte on histology |
|
In addition to Pan B cell marker they have T cell marker (CD23 and CD5)
on a small subset of normal B cell.
Prolymphocyte gather together focally to form loose aggregates (not typical
follicle like follicular lymphoma) (and cell are not diffuse also)
(So a Pseudofollicular pattern is seen)
Q.281. The following drugs have significant drug interaction with digoxin,
except.
1. Cholestyramine.
2. Thiazide diuretics.
3. Quinidine.
4. Amlodipine.
Q.282. One of the following is not true about nesiritide:
1. It is a brain natriuretic peptide analogue.
2. It is used in acutely decompensated heart failure.
3. It has significant oral absorption.
4. It has a short half-life.
Katzung /209,214,Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP
1. Endogenous peptide brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) has recently been
approved for use in acute cardiac failure as nesiritide.
2. It increase cGMP in smooth muscle cells
3. Short half-life of T 1/2 - 18 min.
4. It is administered as a bolus i.v. Dose followed by continuous infusion.
5. Trade name (Natrecor)
6. Only parenteral preparation is available.
Q.283. All of the following conditions are known to cause diabetes insipidus
except:
1. Multiple sclerosis.
2. Head injury.
3. Histiocytosis.
4. Viral encephalitis.
Q.284. Antipsychotic drug induced Parkinsonism is treated by:
1. Anticholinergics.
2. Levodopa.
3. Selegiline.
4. Amantadine.
Katzung /472,473
Drug induced parkinsonism is treated, when necessary, with conventional
antiparkinsonism drugs of the antimuscarinic type or, in rare case with
amantadine.
Akathesia and dystonia - diphenhydramine more used than antimuscarinic
Tardive dyskinesia
1. Occur in 20-40% of treated patient
2. Late adverse effect
3. Difficult to reverse, sometime self-limited.
4. First step is tried to discontinue or reduce the current antipsychotic
or switch to one of the
newer atypical agent.
5. 2nd step is eliminating all drugs with central anticholinergic action
(note it).
6. If both measures fail, then addition of diazepam in doses as high as
30-40 mg/day may add to
the improvement by enhancing GABAergic activity.
Q.285. Which one of the following is used in therapy of Toxoplasmosis?
1. Artensenuate.
2. Thiacetazone.
3. Ciprofloxacin.
4. Pyrimethamine.
Drugs against both T. gondii
|
Pyrimethamine |
trimethoprim |
azithromycin |
|
clindamycin |
Chlortetracycline |
Atovaquone |
|
Pyrimethamine and
trimethoprim |
Inhibit the enzyme
dihydrofolate reductase |
|
clindamycin,
Chlortetracycline,
and
azithromycin |
Inhibitors of protein
synthesis |
|
Atovaquone |
Blocks pyrimidine
salvage |
Atovaquone, which blocks pyrimidine salvage, has demonstrated activity
against both T. gondii and P. carinii.
|
Ocular toxoplasmosis |
Treated for 1 month
with pyrimethamine plus either sulfadiazine or clindamycin |
|
Congenital toxoplasmosis |
Daily oral pyrimethamine
and sulfadiazine for 1 year |
|
Immunocompromised |
Pyrimethamine+ sulfadiazine+
Leucovorin |
Therapy with spiramycin (100 mg/kg per day) plus prednisone (1 mg/kg
per day) has been shown to be efficacious for congenital infection.
Both pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine cross the blood-brain barrier
Q.286. The following statements regarding finasteride are true except:
1. It is used in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy
(BPH).
2. Impotence is well documented after its use.
3. It blocks the conversion of dihydrotestosterone to testosterone.
4. It is a 5-? reductase inhibitor.
Finasteride is a competitive inhibitor of 5a-reductase type 2. Finasteride
blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, the principal
androgen in the prostate. A dose of 5 mg/d causes an average decrease
in prostate size of ~24%, an increase in urine flow rates, and, in some,
improvement in symptoms.
The 5a-reductase inhibitor finasteride ameliorate symptoms in a third
or more of patients, but its impact is modest and not apparent for many
months. Combined treatment with terazosin has proved no better than treatment
with an alpha blocker alone in most men.
Q.287. Eternacept acts by one of ithe following mechanisms:
1. By blocking tumor necrosis factor.
2. By blocking bradykinin synthesis.
3. By inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase-2.
4. By blocking lipoxygenase.
Katzung /591
TNF a blocking
agents
-
Also inhibit lymphotoxin a
-
T ½ 4.5 days.
-
50 mg s.c. Once week dose.
-
Ineffective in ulcerative colitis.
-
But
also used in scleroderma, Wegener’s granulomatosis, giant
cell arteritis, sarcoidosis.
|
ANOTHER NEW DRUG
LEFLUNOMIDE - Active metabolite A77-1726
Inhibit dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
¯
So decreases RNA synthesis.
¯
Arrest of stimulated cells in GI phase
- So it inhibits T cell prolif ration and production of antibodies.
- It is as effective as methotrexate and leflunomide resulted in a 46.2%
response compared with 19.5% in-patient receiving methotrexate alone.
Q.288. All of the following are the disadvantages of anesthetic either,
except.
1. Induction is slow.
2. Irritant nature of either increases salivary and bronchial secretions.
3. Cautery cannot be used.
4. Affects blood pressure and is liable to produce arrhythmias.
Q.289. In unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, the risk of kernicterus increases
with the use of:
1. Ceftriaxone.
2. Phenobaritone.
3. Ampicillin.
4. Sulphonamide
|
Number of allergic
reactions
®Maculopapular
rashes ®urticaria
®Life-threatening
reactions such as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome,
and toxic epidermal necrolysis |
hematologic complications
®Granulocytosis,
® Hemolytic
and megaloblastic anemia
®Granulocytopenia |
|
Trimethoprim®
Hyperkalemia |
Renal insufficiency
caused by crystaluria |
|
Jaundice and kernicterus
in newborns |
Drug fever with serum
sickness, hepatic toxicity (including necrosis), and systemic lupus
erythematosus. |
It is recommended that sulfonamides not be administered to the newborn
because of concerns that bilirubin may be displaced from protein-binding
sites, with subsequent jaundice and kernicterus.
The severe hypersensitivity reactions occurred most commonly after treatment
with the long-acting sulfonamides, such as sulfamethoxypyridazine
Photosensitivity reactions are also relatively common with sulfonamides.
In high doses, trimethoprim interferes with the renal secretion of potassium.
Hyperkalemia is relatively common among HIV-positive patients and is most
often found after 7 days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for
pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii.
Hemolytic anemia is most common in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency who take long-acting compounds; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
rarely causes hemolysis in such subjects.
Renal insufficiency, caused by crystals of the relatively insoluble acetyl
metabolite, is observed primarily with the long-acting sulfonamides.
Q.290. Paralysis of 3rd, 4th, 6th nerves with involvement of ophthalmic
division of 5th nerve, localizes the lesion to:
1. Cavernous sinus.
2. Apex of orbit.
3. Brainstem.
4. Base of skull.
The cavernous sinus syndrome is a distinctive and life-threatening disorder.
|
Ophthalmic veins ® |
Orbital or facial
pain; orbital swelling and chemosis |
|
Fever |
|
|
Oculomotor neuropathy |
Third, fourth, and
sixth cranial nerves involvement |
|
Trigeminal neuropathy |
Ophthalmic (V1)
and occasionally the maxillary (V2)
divisions |
Most frequent causes are
Cavernous sinus thrombosis, often secondary to infection from orbital
cellulitis (frequently Staphylococcus aureus),
In Sinusitis especially with mucormycosis in diabetic patients
Due to the anatomy of the cavernous sinus the syndrome may extend to become
bilateral.
Q.291. All of the following are topically used sulphonamides except:
1. Sulphacetamide.
2. Sulphadiazine.
3. Silver sulphadiazine.
4. Mafenide.
Q.292. Oculogyric crisis is known to be produced by all of the following
drugs except:
1. Trifluoperazine.
2. Atropine.
3. Perchlorperazine.
4. Perphenazine.
Answer is 2
Clinical Pharmacology P.N. Bennett, M.J. Bnrown 9th ed/384-85
Acute extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic are
Dystonia - abnormal movements of the tangue and facial muscles with
Fixed postures and spasm,
Include torticolis called Oculogyric crisis
And bizarre eye movement
Hence answer is (2) atropine
Remaining three are the typical antipsychotic that causes the acute dystonia.
Few important points about atypical anti psychotics –
-
Extra pyramidal side effects are seen, notably with high
dose of resperidone and olanzapine.
-
Clozapine
and olanzopine are the most likely of ithe atypical agents
to cause anticholinergic (antimuscarinic) side effects.
-
More weight gain with - clozapine, olanzopine
-
impaired
glucose tolerance more with clozapine, olanzapine.
-
Risperidone
and amisulpride are as likely as classical antipsychotic
to raise prolactin level and causing galactorrhea.
-
Most
important risk with clozapine - agranulocytosis
(2% of patient)
|
Q.293. Which of the following drugs is useful in prophylaxis of migrain?
1. Propranolol.
2. Sumatriptan.
3. Domperidone.
4. Ergotamine.
Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine drugs are now available that have the
capacity to stabilize migraine
|
propranolol |
valproate |
Amitriptyline |
|
timolol |
methysergide |
nortriptyline |
|
verapamil |
phenelzine |
Isocarbazid |
|
cyproheptadine |
|
|
Phenelzine is MAOI; therefore, tyramine-containing foods, decongestants,
and meperidine are contraindicated.
Methysergide may cause retroperitoneal or cardiac valvular fibrosis when
it is used for more than 8 months, thus monitoring is required for patients
using this drug; the risk of the fibrotic complication is about 1:1500
and is likely to reverse after the drug is stopped.
Stimulation of 5-HT1 receptors can stop an acute migraine attack. Ergotamine
and dihydroergotamine are nonselective receptor agonists, while the series
of drugs known as triptans are selective 5-HT1 receptor agonists. A variety
of triptans (e.g., naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan)
are now available for the treatment of migraine.
Rizatriptan appears to be the fastest acting and most efficacious of the
triptans currently available. Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan have similar
rates of efficacy as well as time to onset, whereas naratriptan is the
slowest acting and the least efficacious.
Unfortunately, monotherapy with a selective oral 5-HT1 agonist does not
result in rapid, consistent, and complete relief of migraine in all patients.
Triptans are not effective in migraine with aura unless given after the
aura is completed and the headache initiated. They are useless in prophylaxis
of migrain. Recurrence of headache is a major limitation of triptan use.
Q.294. Inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptor is:
1. Phenobarbitone.
2. Flumazenil.
3. Beta-carboline.
4. Gabapentin.
Katzung 357
|
BZ antagonist |
Flumazenil |
|
BZ inverse
agonist |
B carboline |
|
GABA
agonist |
BZ itself |
Q.295. The group of antibiotics which possess additional antiinflammatory
and immunomodulatory activities is:
1. Tetracyclines.
2. Polypeptide antibiotics.
3. Fluoroquinolones.
4. Macrolides.
Tacrolimus (originally labeled FK 506) is a macrolide lactone antibiotic
isolated from a Japanese soil fungus, Streptomyces tsukubaensis. It has
the same mechanism of action as cyclosporine but is 10 to 100 times more
potent. The advantage of tacrolimus are minimizing episodes of rejection,
reducing the need for additional glucocorticoid doses, and reducing the
likelihood of bacterial and cytomegalovirus infection.
In most transplantation centers, tacrolimus has now supplanted cyclosporine
for primary immunosuppression, and many centers rely on oral, rather than
intravenous, administration from the outset.
The toxicity of tacrolimus is similar to that of cyclosporine; nephrotoxicity
and neurotoxicity are the most commonly encountered adverse effects, and
neurotoxicity (tremor, seizures, hallucinations, psychoses, coma) is more
likely and more severe in tacrolimus-treated patients.
Both drugs can cause diabetes mellitus, but tacrolimus does not cause
hirsutism or gingival
hyperplasia. Because of overlapping toxicity between cyclosporine and
tacrolimus, especially nephrotoxicity, and because tacrolimus reduces
cyclosporine clearance, these two drugs should not be used together.
Q.296. With which of the following theophylline has an antagonistic interaction?
1. Histamine receptors.
2. Bradykinin receptors.
3. Adenosine receptors.
4. Imidazoline receptors.
Methylxanthines Theophylline and its various salts are medium-potency
bronchodilators that work by increasing cyclic AMP by the inhibition of
phosphodiesterase. They also shows Adenosine receptors antagonistic interaction.
Q.297. One of the following is not penicillinase susceptible.
1. Amoxicillin.
2. Penicillin G.
3. Piperacillin.
4. Cloxacillin.
Bacteria develop resistance to b-lactam antibiotics by a variety of mechanisms.
Most common is the destruction of the drug by b-lactamases.
-lactamases production is plsmid controlled. These enzymes have a higher
affinity for the b-lactam antibiotic. Binding results in hydrolysis of
the b-lactam ring. Penicillins those are not penicillinase susceptible
are methicillin, Cloxacillin, naficillin etc.
A second mechanism of bacterial resistance to b-lactam antibiotics is
an alteration in PBP
(penicillin binding proteins) targets so that the PBPs have a markedly
reduced affinity for the drug. While this alteration may occur by mutation
of existing genes, the acquisition of new PBP genes (as in staphylococcal
resistance to methicillin
Q.298. Which one of the following is best associated with Lumefantrine?
1. Antimycobacterial.
2. Antifungal.
3. Antimalarial.
4. Antiamoebic.
Answer is 3
Artemether-lumefantrine and atovaquone-proguanil are recently introduced,
well-tolerated antimalarial drugs used in 3-day regimens. They are both
effective against multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria.
Q.299. Which one of the following drugs increases gastrointestinal motility?
1. Glycopyrrolate.
2. Atropine.
3. Neostigmine.
4. Fentanyl.
Answer is 3
Synthetic opioids, sharing properties of opium and morphine, include meperidine,
propoxyphene, diphenoxylate, fentanyl, buprenorphine, methadone, and pentazocine.
Various opiate effects are analgesia, respiratory depression, constipation,
and euphoria. Fentanyl (80 to 100 times more powerful than morphine) is
especially dangerous.
Atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors. Atropine decreases gastrointestinal
tract motility and secretion and causes constipation. Although various
derivatives and congeners of atropine (such as propantheline, isopropamide,
and glycopyrrolate) have been advocated in patients with peptic ulcer
or with diarrheal syndromes
Neostigmine is Cholinesterase inhibitors that enhance the effects of parasympathetic
stimulation and leads to reversal of intoxication by agents with a anticholinergic
action
Q.300. Which one of the following is the fastest acting inhalational agent?
1. Halothane.
2. Isoflurane.
3. Ether.
4. Sevoflurane.
Answer is 4
Sevoflurane -
• Similar to isoflurane and desflurane, sevoflurane causes slight increase
in cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure at normo carbia.
• High concentration of Sevoflurane (> 1.5 MAC) may impair autoregulation
of C.B.F. and thus allowing a drop in C.B.F. during ihemorrhagic hypotension.
This effect on CBF is less pronounced than isoflurane.
• Property of sevoflurane -. non purgent and rapid increase in alveolar
anesthetic concentration make seroflurane an excellent choice for smooth
and rapid inhalation induction in pediatric or adult patient
• Contraindication of seroflurane are
2)Severe hypovolemia 2) Susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia 3) intracranial
hypertension.
Desflurane is the fastest acting agent. While 2nd is the Sevoflurane.
|
ALL INDIA 2005 (AIPGE 2005 January, Answers, Explanation and
Notes)